Column Efficiency of Fluoride Removal Using Quaternized Palm Kernel Shell (QPKS)

Bakar, Ayu Haslija Abu; Abdullah, Luqman Chuah; Zahri, Nur Amirah Mohd; Al-Khatib, Ma An Fahmi Rashid

doi:10.1155/2019/5743590

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Various adsorbents have been investigated and reported for the removal of excess fluoride from water in an effective manner. Some of the widely employed adsorbents are La (III)-Al (III)-activated carbon modified by chemical route [ 21 ], biomaterial functionalized cerium nanocomposite [ 22 ], Quaternized Palm Kernel Shell (QPKS) [ 23 ], bone char and activated alumina [ 24 ], bone char [ 25 ], renewable biowaste [ 26 ], MgFe 2 O 4 –chitosan–CaAl nanohybrid [ 27 ], carbon nanotube composite [ 15 ], Neem Oil-Phenolic Resin Treated Bio-sorbent [ 17 ], etc. However, many of these suffer from either time-consuming synthesis procedure, high processing costs, availability of raw materials, or short lifespan, which makes them impractical to be applied in the rift valleys that are essentially impacted by high fluoride concentration in water [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Rock Materials for Defluoridation of Water in Fixed-Bed Column Systems

2021

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Consumption of drinking water with a high concentration of fluoride (>1.5 mg/L) causes detrimental health problems and is a challenging issue in various regions around the globe. In this study, a continuous fixed-bed column adsorption system was employed for defluoridation of water using volcanic rocks, virgin pumice (VPum) and virgin scoria (VSco), as adsorbents. The XRD, SEM, FTIR, BET, XRF, ICP-OES, and pH Point of Zero Charges (pHPZC) analysis were performed for both adsorbents to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms and the suitability for fluoride removal. The effects of particle size of adsorbents, solution pH, and flow rate on the adsorption performance of the column were assessed at room temperature, constant initial concentration, and bed depth. The maximum removal capacity of 110 mg/kg for VPum and 22 mg/kg for VSco were achieved at particle sizes of 0.075–0.425 mm and <0.075 mm, respectively, at a low solution pH (2.00) and flow rate (1.25 mL/min). The fluoride breakthrough occurred late and the treated water volume was higher at a low pH and flow rate for both adsorbents. The Thomas and Adams–Bohart models were utilized and fitted well with the experimental kinetic data and the entire breakthrough curves for both adsorbents. Overall, the results revealed that the developed column is effective in handling water containing excess fluoride. Additional testing of the adsorbents including regeneration options is, however, required to confirm that the defluoridation of groundwater employing volcanic rocks is a safe and sustainable method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Rock Materials for Defluoridation of Water in Fixed-Bed Column Systems

2021

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“…This result showed that the adsorption capacity increased with the increase in initial Cd(II) concentration, as the active sites became occupied more easily. The adsorbate ion saturated the adsorbent more easily and reached equilibrium more quickly with the increase in initial influent concentration due to a larger driving force for mass transfer, allowing the transfer process to overcome the mass transfer barriers in the column [26]. Fig.…”

Section: Effects Of Initial Concentration On Adsorption Capacity and ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Physically and Chemically Activated Carbon Derived From Palm Kernel Shells

Hisbullah¹

2022

GEOMATE

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This research aimed to characterize the physically and chemically activated carbons derived from charred palm kernel shells pyrolyzed at 400°C for 3 h in a slow pyrolysis batch reactor. The pyrolysis products were liquid smoke, charcoal, and tar. For the physical activation, the charcoal was carbonized at 600°C for 3 h in a furnace. For the chemical activation, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, and 3% liquid smoke were used as activators (impregnation time: 24 h). The activated carbons were subsequently characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results indicated that the activated carbons met the Indonesian Industry Standard No. 0258-88. The chemical pore size: 287.9 nm-3.965 μm). The XRD analysis showed a broad peak at 2θ = 22.76°, indicating the formation of a SiO2 amorphous structure. The FTIR analysis results indicated that the absorption patterns of the activated carbons demonstrated the presence of the functional groups O-H, C=O, C-H, and C=C; the presence of O-H and C-O indicated that the activated carbons were polar. The NaOH-activated carbon was then used to adsorb cadmium ions in a semi-continuously packed bed column, and it demonstrated a removal efficiency of 38%.

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“…The raw and synthesized bentonite clay was checked for fluoride adsorption using fixed bed column of a borosilicate tube with ration of internal diameter to height: 0.05. The diameter-to-height ratio of columns was varied between 0.0375 and 1, which was believed to be effective for reactions to occur (Sulaiman et al 2009;Ma et al 2011;Abu Bakar et al 2019) .To prevent the adsorbent from floating, the column was filled with the necessary amount of adsorbent material between two layers of glass wool at the top and bottom ends. Using a peristatic pump, the column was then continuously fed fluoride-contaminated water at a desired volumetric flowrate of 15 mL/min.…”

Section: Experimentation Of Fluoride Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of bentonite clay in modified and unmodified forms to remove fluoride from water

Kalsido

Kumar

Tekola

et al. 2021

Water Science and Technology

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The feasibility of fluoride adsorption from aqueous solutions using naturally available bentonite clay in both modified and unmodified forms is investigated in this report. SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR analysis are applied to describe the structure and nature of unmodified and modified bentonite clay. The physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbent were also investigated by its moisture content, pH, apparent density, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and its point of -zero charge determination. SEM image reveals particles are dispersed homogeneously and are irregular in shape. XRD and EDX analyses reveal that the bentonite is composed of seven materials: Calcite, Silica, Alumina, Hematite, bornite and Green cinnabar, and Chloride are considered as impurity. Raw bentonite (RB) clays have shown very low fluoride removal efficiency (47.19%). Modification of the clay surface with HCl (ATB) and aluminum oxide (AOMB), on the other hand, increased fluoride removal efficiency to 79.77% and 94.38%, respectively. At 5 mg/L initial fluoride concentration, 10 cm bed depth packed dose of adsorbent, and 180 min breakthrough time, a 2.88 mg/g of fluoride removal capacity was observed. As the result, aluminum oxide modified bentonite clay was chosen for further investigation and its result is not presented here.

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Column Efficiency of Fluoride Removal Using Quaternized Palm Kernel Shell (QPKS)

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Volcanic Rock Materials for Defluoridation of Water in Fixed-Bed Column Systems

Volcanic Rock Materials for Defluoridation of Water in Fixed-Bed Column Systems

Characterization of Physically and Chemically Activated Carbon Derived From Palm Kernel Shells

Evaluation of bentonite clay in modified and unmodified forms to remove fluoride from water

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