Colony stimulating factor-1 in saliva in relation to age, smoking, and oral and systemic diseases

Abstract

Colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1 is a growth factor that stimulates the survival, proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes, which has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the possible influence of age, sex, smoking, periodontitis, caries, and several systemic conditions on salivary levels of CSF-1. Four-hundred and forty-one individuals were enrolled in this study. All participants answered a health questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive oral examination. Stimulated saliva was collected and CSF-1 levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Salivary levels of CSF-1 were significantly increased in participants over 64 years old and in non-smoking individuals, whereas no difference was observed between men and women. Individuals having periodontitis and manifest caries had significantly higher levels of CSF-1. Participants with muscle and joint disease exhibited increased CSF-1 levels as compared to those without. Age, smoking, percentage of pockets ≥4 mm, number of manifest caries lesions, and presence of tumor were associated with CSF-1 levels. Salivary levels of CSF-1 are associated with age, smoking, periodontitis, manifest caries, and the presence of muscle and joint diseases and tumors. CSF-1 might be a promising biomarker candidate in saliva of both local and systemic conditions that needs further investigation.

CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva from patients having peri-implant diseases

“…This difference is important to determine since early intervention and removal of etiology will reverse mucositis [19,21]. A positive correlation between CSF-1 and IL-1β levels in both saliva and PICF was seen, which is in accordance with previous work from our group [12]. CSF-1 regulates the production, maintenance, and function of cells from the mononuclear phagocyte lineage, as well as the function of other cells expressing the CSF-1R [5].…”

“…Blockage of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF1R) has been shown to result in reduced alveolar bone loss [8]. We have previously reported CSF-1 and IL-34 are altered in saliva from periodontitis patients [12,13]. However, their levels in peri-implant diseases have not been explored yet.…”

Salivary and Serum Markers Related to Innate Immunity in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis

“…Regarding CSF‐1, a trend toward elevated levels in serum from patients with AgP was seen, whereas its levels in saliva did not differ among groups. Authors of the current study recently reported lower CSF‐1 levels in serum from patients with CP, 18 and higher CSF‐1 levels in saliva from patients with CP have repeatedly been observed 18,19 . However, age could possibly be introduced as a confounder, as patients with AgP are often younger.…”

“…However, age could possibly be introduced as a confounder, as patients with AgP are often younger. The authors also found an increase in salivary CSF‐1 levels with age, 19 which could affect results. Explanations for discordant results between CP and AgP might reside in immunologic differences between the two disease groups, and therefore, the addition of a CP group in this study would have been ideal.…”

“…CSF‐1, as a molecule related to inflammation‐driven bone resorption, has been implicated in several inflammatory diseases, 15,16 including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 15 and periodontal disease, as suggested by the alleviation of experimental periodontitis when blocking the CSF‐1R 17 . In previous studies the authors reported significantly higher levels of CSF‐1 in saliva from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), as well as significant correlations to clinical periodontal parameters and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 levels 18,19 . To the best knowledge of the authors, salivary and serum levels of CSF‐1 remain unknown in patients with AgP.…”