CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva from patients having peri-implant diseases

Abstract

Objective Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 are growth factors that regulate myeloid cell functions and support osteoclastogenesis. CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant diseases are yet unknown. This study evaluated CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1β levels in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from patients having mucositis or peri-implantitis, as well as their correlation to clinical parameters of disease. Material and methods Forty-three patients were included (mean age 61.1 ± 8.4; 62.8% female), 20 having mucositis and 23 having peri-implantitis. Patients were clinically examined and unstimulated whole saliva and PICF were collected. Levels of CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1β were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results CSF-1 levels were higher in PICF from peri-implantitis compared with mucositis patients (p = 0.028), whereas IL-34 levels showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.060). No significant difference was found in PICF IL-1β levels between the groups. Salivary levels of CSF-1 and IL-34 did not differ significantly between mucositis and peri-implantitis. No significant difference was observed in the salivary levels of IL-1β between groups (p = 0.061). CSF-1 and IL-1β correlated significantly in both saliva and PICF. CSF-1 levels in saliva correlated with its levels in PICF. PICF CSF-1 levels showed potential to discriminate between peri-implantitis and mucositis (AUC = 0.695, 95% CI 0.53-0.85; p = 0.029). Conclusion Increased levels of CSF-1 in peri-implant crevicular fluid, but not in saliva, were found in peri-implantitis patients, which might aid to discriminate the early and late stages of peri-implant diseases. Clinical relevance This result suggests an increased osteoclastogenic potential in peri-implantitis patients.

Colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor blockade attenuates inflammation in inflamed gingival tissue explants

“…Increased tissue expression of CSF‐1R has also been reported in several forms of cancers, 26 and in other inflammatory diseases such as RA and IBD 10,27 . Our results on CSF‐1R expression in PD gingival tissue is interesting given that we have reported elevated levels of CSF‐1 in gingival tissue and saliva from PD patients, 13,14 and in peri‐implantitis crevicular fluid 28 . Furthermore, gingival fibroblasts enhance their CSF‐1 secretion after pro‐inflammatory stimulation in vitro 13 …”

“…10,27 Our results on CSF-1R expression in PD gingival tissue is interesting given that we have reported elevated levels of CSF-1 in gingival tissue and saliva from PD patients, 13,14 and in peri-implantitis crevicular fluid. 28 Furthermore, gingival fibroblasts enhance their CSF-1 secretion after pro-inflammatory stimulation in vitro. 13 Taken together, these findings imply that the CSF-1/CSF-1R system is involved in the inflammatory processes in PD.…”

Biomarker levels in peri‐implant crevicular fluid of healthy implants, untreated and non‐surgically treated implants with peri‐implantitis

“…we believe with our study to be the first to show no difference in G-CSF between healthy and diseased implants. Considering that a recent study, which focused on a close relative of G-CSF (i.e., macrophage-CSF) in the PICF of peri-implantitis patients, found higher levels of macrophage-CSF when compared to peri-implant mucositis patients (Lira-Junior et al, 2020), interpretation of our outcomes should be done cautiously. However, one might suggest that colony stimulating factors might play a role in the pathogenesis of peri-implant disease.…”

Assessment of salivary alpha amylase and mucin-4 before and after non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis

“…Studies [10,11] have shown that patients with existing or with a history of periodontitis are more susceptible to peri-implant diseases compared with individuals with a healthy periodontal status. Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) is a biologic oral fluid that expresses raised levels of destructive inflammatory cytokines among patients with periodontal and peri-implant diseases [12][13][14][15][16]. Alpha-amylase (AA) protein represents the autonomic nervous system and contributes towards maintenance of mucosal immunity by inhibiting bacterial colonization, reproduction and adhesion [17,18].…”