“…In evaluating the implications of this confound, it is important to consider the fact that research has consistently documented that females are more likely to smile than males. This is true not only in portrait photographs (LaFrance, 1985;Mills, 1984;Morse, 1982;Ragan, 19821, but also in social interactions between two unacquainted individuals of either the same or opposite gender (Frances, 1979;Halberstadt, Hayes, & Pike, 1988;Mackey, 1976) as well as in other social situations (see Hall, 1984, for a comprehensive review). It is therefore likely that smiling is actually more frequent in the resume photographs and interview behaviors of female than male applicants who are being considered for real jobs, and the results of the present study therefore generalize to actual employment settings.…”