“…Although advising takes many forms in postsecondary education and it is difficult to tease out the effects of, for example, advising delivered by professional advisors or faculty members, high-quality advising seems to be positively related to student success. That is, although studies that did not control for the perceived quality of advising found mixed results (Aitken, 1982;Brigman, Kuh, and Stager, 1982;Kowalski, 1977), Tinto (2004) found that advising positively affects retention and graduation when advisors address the needs of undecided students, those who decide to change their major, and first-generation students, who may not have the same knowledge of how to successfully navigate higher education. Like orientation, the quality of academic advising may also have an indirect effect when factors such as high school grades, gender, and age are taken into account (Metzner, 1989).…”