Collective securitisation in the EU: normative dimensions

Abstract

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Justification of supranational criminal law – Analysis of collective securitization in the EU-level harmonization of money laundering provisions

“…Terrorism is a handy threat to utilize in the securitization request, as in recent years terrorist organizations have visibly aimed at conducting more terrorist attacks and clearly have the means to do so. In accordance with the first criterion, 66 it can thus be stated that terrorism is an objective threat. This may explain why terrorism is utilized as a justification for the Directive; money laundering in itself does not threaten the survival of people and is thus not an effective threat to use in securitization.…”

“…The original three criteria include: (1) that there is an objective existential threat endangering the survival of an actor; (2) that the referent object is morally legitimate and conducive to human well-being; (3) that the security response is appropriate to the threat with regard to the capabilities of the aggressor and in terms of the sincerity of the securitizing actor. 64 The existential threat that has recently been mentioned as the EU-level justification for the money laundering criminalization is terrorism. The Directive proposal starts with the statement 'The recent terrorist attacks in the European Union and beyond, underline the need for the EU to work across all policies to prevent and fight terrorism'.…”

“…According to Rita Floyd's original formulation, securitization should be appropriate to the threat and the securitizing actor must be sincere in its intentions. 69 The Directive proposal presents the link between terrorism and money laundering as follows: 'Cutting off their sources of finance, making it harder for terrorists to escape detection when using these funds, and exploiting relevant information from financial transactions all make crucial contributions to the fight against terrorism and organized crime'. 70 However, these measures are not dependent on extended criminalization as such but on finding the funds used for terrorism, and terrorist financing has already been comprehensively criminalized.…”

“Wars” on COVID-19 in Slovakia, Russia, and the United States: Securitized Framing and Reframing of Political and Media Communication Around the Pandemic

“…Depending on the context, the list of prospective security sectors is virtually unlimited, as long as other conditions for securitization are met. Floyd (2011Floyd ( , 2019a also stresses the normative stipulation of the referent object, which ought to be an ethically appropriate entity to be protected.…”

“…Researchers expand and hone securitization to address emerging questions and changing dynamics of political communities within current contexts such as globalization. Important examples of these novel endeavors are in the growth of literature on just securitization (e.g., Floyd, 2019a) or the health security sector (e.g., Bengtsson and Rhinard, 2019). Communication scholars advise the revamping of framing to acknowledge disruptions of global media environments amid digitalization and the proliferation of internet platforms.…”