“Wars” on COVID-19 in Slovakia, Russia, and the United States: Securitized Framing and Reframing of Political and Media Communication Around the Pandemic

Abstract

This study analyzes securitized discourses and counter narratives that surround the COVID-19 pandemic. Controversial cases of security related political communication, salient media enunciations, and social media reframing are explored through the theoretical lenses of securitization and cascading activation of framing in the contexts of Slovakia, Russia, and the United States. The first research question explores whether and how the frame element of moral evaluation factors into the conversations on the securitization of the pandemic. The analysis tracks the framing process through elite, media, and public levels of communication. The second research question focused on fairly controversial actors— “rogue actors” —such as individuals linked to far-leaning political factions or militias. The proliferation of digital media provides various actors with opportunities to join publicly visible conversations. The analysis demonstrates that the widely differing national contexts offer different trends and degrees in securitization of the pandemic during spring and summer of 2020. The studied rogue actors usually have something to say about the pandemic, and frequently make some reframing attempts based on idiosyncratic evaluations of how normatively appropriate is their government's “war” on COVID-19. In Slovakia, the rogue elite actors at first failed to have an impact but eventually managed to partially contest the dominant frame. Powerful Russian media influencers enjoy some conspiracy theories but prudently avoid direct challenges to the government's frame, and so far only marginal rogue actors openly advance dissenting frames. The polarized political and media environment in the US has shown to create a particularly fertile ground for rogue grassroots movements that utilize online platforms and social media, at times going as far as encouragement of violent acts to oppose the government and its pandemic response policy.

Progressive and Regressive Securitisation: Covid, Russian Aggression and the Ethics of Security

“…I have also claimed that since about 2010 at the latest, regressive securitisation has started to prevail, which I have exemplified through my brief considerations of the cases of Covid-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The success of these securitisations illuminates some of the facilitating conditions for securitising moves to work, including the credibility of the urgency and existentiality of the threat through media visibilisation (Vultee 2011;Lukacovic 2020). Yet they also share a re-inscription of national territory and geopolitical concerns into the broader discourse.…”

política del miedo en la securitización de la pandemia de COVID-19

“…En el caso de la pandemia de coronavirus fue utilizada una narrativa que presentó esta enfermedad como una amenaza existencial para el conjunto de la sociedad. El discurso público se caracterizó por recurrir a la metáfora de la guerra para representar el desafío que el virus entrañaba (lukacovic, 2020;Benziman, 2020;Pfrimer y Barbosa, 2020;Baele y Rousseau, 2022;Filardo-llamas, 2022;Haddad, 2020;tisdall, 2020;Serhan, 2020;Musu, 2020;Caso, 2020). De esta forma el agente patógeno fue transformado en un enemigo al que había que combatir, lo que creó una situación de urgencia que justificó la implementación de medidas excepcionales.…”

COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: information campaign, media, society

“…For instance, on Сhannel One the attitudes presented often changed, increasing the feeling of uncertainty in the audience and ultimately leading to a decrease in the level of confidence in the media and in the authorities. On the other hand, there was no direct opposition to the policy pursued by the authorities, and only indirect and moderate criticism of the authorities was expressed [56], forcing sophisticated people, who disagree, to turn to alternative sources of information. In Germany, as noted above, the official media were a platform for discussion and criticism.…”