Collagen from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) skins extracted using CO2 acidified water with potential application in healthcare

Abstract

The extraction of collagen from fish skins is being proposed as strategy for valorization of marine origin by-products, being a sustainable alternative to mammal collagen. The method commonly uses solutions of organic acids, but new methodologies are arising, aiming to improve process yields and/or the properties of the resulting products. In this work, skins removed from salt brine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used to extract collagen, using water acidified with CO 2 , obtaining an extraction yield of 13.8% (w/w). Acidified water extracted collagen (AWC) presented a total content of proline-like amino acids of 151/1000 residues, with a degree of hydroxylation of 38%, and its SDS-PAGE profile is compatible with type I collagen. Moreover, FTIR, CD and XRD results suggest the presence of preserved triple helix, having a denaturation temperature of 32.3°C as determined by micro-DSC. AWC exhibited a typical shear thinning behavior, interesting regarding their further processing, namely in jelly-like formulations. Additionally, the presence of AWC in MRC-5 human fibroblasts culture did not affect cell viability, demonstrating the non-cytotoxic behavior. Overall, the results support the efficiency of the proposed approach for collagen extraction and further enable the design of methodologies to address AWC use in biomedical or cosmetic context.

Fish Collagen: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications for Biomaterials Engineering

“…CO 2 is the most commonly used molecule for the SFE method due to low toxicity, cost-effectivity, high availability, stability, flammability, environment acceptability, and mild operating condition (moderate pressure and temperature). Furthermore, CO 2 could be released after extraction from aqueous media, and therefore, a purified compound will be obtained [ 45 , 100 , 101 ]. Recently, SFE has been used for collagen extraction from marine waste instead of traditional acid-based extraction.…”

“…For cod skin, the yield of collagen has been reported to be 13.8, 5.72, and 11.14%, in which these values were obtained with SFE, acid, and pepsin-aided AcOH extraction procedures, respectively [ 45 , 91 ]. In another work, SFE has been used to isolate collagen and gelatin from marine sponges.…”

“…The total yield of collagen by the bacteria treatments and combined with acid-soluble collagen was 188 and 177 g/kg, respectively, which were greater than the yield from acid extraction alone (134.5 g/kg). Another approach to extract collagen from fish skin is the utilization of water acidified with CO 2 that was used to isolate collagen from Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) [ 45 ]. Acidified water-extracted collagen showed a total content of proline-like amino acids of 151/1000 residues, with an extraction yield of 13.8% ( w/w ) [ 45 ].…”

Progress in Modern Marine Biomaterials Research

“…The use of marine wastes including by-products of industrial plants, such as fish skin, scales and fins, as a source of fish collagen helps to fight environmental pollution and serves as a strategy to valorize marine resources [254,279]. Intriguingly, it is possible to isolate fish collagen from skin of marine Eel fish [280], codfish [281][282][283], European hake [284], smooth wolf herring [267], blue shark [285,286], small-spotted catshark [253], salmon [266,283], ocellate puffer fish, seaweed pipefish, brownstripe red snapper, brownbanded bamboo shark, carp, largefin longbarbel catfish, Japanese sea-bass, bigeye snapper, surf smelt, brown backed toadfish, Nile perch, skate, blacktip shark [255,256], bones of European hake [284], carp, Japanese sea-bass, skipjack, ayu, yellow sea bream, horse mackerel, Baltic cod [255], swim bladder of Atlantic cod [287], cartilages of brownbanded bamboo shark, blacktip shark, scales of carp, tilapia, spotted golden goatfish, grey mullet, rohu, and catla [255,256].…”

Macro and Microstructural Characteristics of North Atlantic Deep-Sea Sponges as Bioinspired Models for Tissue Engineering Scaffolding

“…Collagen is also a natural polymer present on marine species, such as sponges and fishes, but also, it is a biopolymer ubiquitously present in the human extracellular matrix and connective tissues of animals (Ramshaw et al, 2009;Silva et al, 2014;Alves et al, 2017;Sousa et al, 2020a) that provides spatial and mechanical support to the cells and tissues, thereby receiving strong attention from the biomedical community, with numerous studies addressing its use as a biocompatible material, based on its biodegradability and low immunogenicity for tissue regeneration (Yannas, 1992;Dong and Lv, 2016;Sorushanova et al, 2019;Sousa et al, 2020b). In addition, collagen provides an available biomimetic material for the development of scaffolds for numerous applications, being highly compatible with human systems (Silva et al, 2012;Chattopadhyay and Raines, 2014;Diogo et al, 2020).…”