Collaborative Federalism

Abstract

Famously, federalism combines self-rule with shared rule 1 or unity with diversity. 2 Typically, the mix is achieved by creating or preserving two levels of government, each with a direct relationship with the people, and by dividing power between them. Traditionally, unity is achieved through the exercise of power by the central government, in relation to the polity as a whole. Diversity is the consequence of the exercise of power by sub-national governments over a portion of the population, generally territorially identified. The boundaries of power between the two spheres are secured by entrenching them in a written Constitution established as fundamental law, which is interpreted and applied by a court or courts.

O Federalismo Ambiental na Austrália e na Índia

“…Na negociação de tratados que podem afetar os interesses estaduais, os Estados são convidados a dela participar; b) harmonização, de modo a evitar conflitos entre leis federais e estaduais, de modo a evitar que a Commonwealth recorra à seção 109 (prevalência da lei federal); c) assistência financeira, especificamente por meio do uso de fundos federais para fins específicos, de modo a promover a colaboração entre os Estados, Territórios e a Commonwealth em questões de interesse mútuo ou para promover sua agenda política da Commonwealth; d) conselhos ministeriais, como instrumento de acordos de colaboração entre os Estados, Territórios e da Commonwealth para troca de informações, discussão, formulação e coordenação de políticas; servindo ainda para estabelecer protocolos e marcos regulatórios em diferentes domínios de intervenção; e e) acordos intergovernamentais, notadamente entre a Commonwealth e ministros dos Estado, definindo os objetivos, duração e procedimentos. (PAINTER, 1998;SAUNDERS, 2002). em julho de 2012de (AUSTRÁLIA, 2006TIERMAN, 2008).…”

The Multiple Domains of Harmonisation: Politics, Policy, Process and Program

“…Majone (:314) refers to this as ‘ex ante or top down harmonisation’, and Cuming (:28) as ‘bureaucratic harmonisation’. Such cooperation can take numerous forms, from the informal phone calls, conference discussions and myriad other ways in which both senior and less senior government officials interact on a near daily basis, to the more formal processes of intergovernmental bodies such as COAG and Ministerial Councils and the various intergovernmental agreements and joint Commonwealth‐State bodies they establish (see Wiltshire ; Saunders ; Wanna et al ). The impetus for such cooperation may be a realisation from within State governments of the benefits that would flow from a more coordinated approach, the result of Commonwealth government inducements in the form of financial incentives, the threat of a Commonwealth takeover of the policy area (what Cuming (:25) refers to as ‘induced harmonisation’), or third party coordination (see below).…”

“…Numerous attempts have been made to catalogue and categorise these programs (see for example Opeskin , ; Saunders ; Western Australia Legislative Council ; Twomey ; Wanna et al ; Productivity Commission ). It is not this article's purpose to provide an encyclopaedic list of each of the methods, or to evaluate their utility, advantages and disadvantages.…”

Between Market-Preserving Federalism and Intergovernmental Coordination: The Case of Australia

“…There are a substantial number of political scientists and politicians who claim that the "coordinate type", a synonym for power-sharing, was the model designed by the founding fathers of the Constitution at the end of the nineteenth century (Saunders 2002;Selway 2001; for an overview see Galligan 1995: ch. 2).…”