“…In a series of prior studies (Fussell et al, 2000;Fussell, Setlock, & Kraut, 2003;Kraut et al, 2003;Kraut, Gergle, & Fussell, 2002;Kraut, Miller, & Siegel, 1996; see also Bolt, 1980;Emmorey & Casey, 2001), we have found that conversational grounding during collaborative physical tasks tends to follow a predictable pattern: First, collaborators come to mutual agreement upon or "ground" the objects to be manipulated using one or more referential expressions. Next, they provide instructions for procedures to be performed on those objects.…”