Cognitive Spectrum Sharing: An Enabling Wireless Communication Technology for a Wide Use of Smart Systems

Abstract

A smart city is an environment where a pervasive, multi-service network is employed to provide citizens improved living conditions as well as better public safety and security. Advanced communication technologies are essential to achieve this goal. In particular, an efficient and reliable communication network plays a crucial role in providing continue, ubiquitous, and reliable interconnections among users, smart devices, and applications. As a consequence, wireless networking appears as the principal enabling communication technology despite the necessity to face severe challenges to satisfy the needs arising from a smart environment, such as explosive data volume, heterogeneous data traffic, and support of quality of service constraints. An interesting approach for meeting the growing data demand due to smart city applications is to adopt suitable methodologies to improve the usage of all potential spectrum resources. Towards this goal, a very promising solution is represented by the Cognitive Radio technology that enables context-aware capability in order to pursue an efficient use of the available communication resources according to the surrounding environment conditions. In this paper we provide a review of the characteristics, challenges, and solutions of a smart city communication architecture, based on the Cognitive Radio technology, by focusing on two new network paradigms-namely, Heterogeneous Network and Machines-to-Machines communications-that are of special interest to efficiently support smart city applications and services.

Cuarta revolución industrial: implicaciones en la seguridad internacional

“…Estas amenazas provienen de distintas fuentes, entre las que se encuentran la infraestructura física (vías, túneles, puentes, intersecciones, interruptores); unidades móviles (locomotoras); estaciones de tren (interiores, exteriores y áreas circundantes); sistemas de control (señalamiento, gestión del tráfico); sistemas y redes de comunicación; sistemas de provisión de energía y pasajeros (Fraga, Fernández & Castedo, 2017). Ahora bien, similares desafíos surgen para otro tipo de infraestructuras inteligentes en las ciudades, pues al crear un entorno de redes múltiples se pueden bloquear varias funcionalidades de la ciudad (Fantacci & Marabissi, 2016). Asimismo, las redes de suministro de energía también han ingresado en la esfera de las infraestructuras inteligentes, planteando desafíos a una de las infraestructuras fundamentales.…”

Environmental Hazards: A Coverage Response Approach

“…Just as with attendant use of communications resources during a hazard by individuals who are contextually aware; the same context awareness can aid and improve Smart City applications and resource allocation decision-making [109]. These could be shaped according to a hazard and its inherent variations (e.g., to include more frequently occurring non-tropical cyclones [110]) in terms of repeatability and its numerical and operational modeling.…”

Interference Avoidance using Spatial Modulation based Location Aware Beamforming in Cognitive Radio IOT Systems

“…The selected SU transmitters can perform null-steering based beamforming to avoid cross-tier interference by directing nulls towards Macro-Cell PUs. In this work, the CR-IOT [7][8][9] system is considered as a cognitive Femto-Cell under-laid with an existing main Macro-Cell infrastructure. This kind of cognitive interference management strategy can maximize Femto-Cell CR-IOT system performance while minimizing interference on the Macro-Cell PU system, leading to better spectral coexistence between the primary Macro-Cell user and the secondary Femto-Cell CR-IOT user.…”