Cognitive responses to stress: Effects of changes in demand and sex.

Becker, Stephanie S.; Horowitz, Mardi J.; Campbell, Linn

doi:10.1037/h0035215

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…In summary, we still know very little about sex differences in the course of sympathetic arousal after provocation. Although it may appear from these studies that significant differences would be found in better designed and more systematic studies, other studies of reaction to nonaggressive stress have shown no sex differences in verbal reaction or in a variety of physiological and behavioral measures (Becker, Horowitz, & Campbell, 1973;Neufeld & Davidson, 1974). Also, Harris and Huang (1974) found no sex differences in a study that varied attributions given to angered subjects for the cause of arousal.…”

Section: Physiological Concomitants Oj Reaction To Provocationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Are women always less aggressive than men? A review of the experimental literature.

Frodi

Macaulay²,

Thome³

1977

Psychological Bulletin

380

207

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The experimental literature on adult female and male aggression is reviewed. Commonly held hypotheses that men are almost always more physically aggressive than women and that women display more indirect or displaced aggression were not supported. Evidence of the type of sex differences that sex role stereotypes would predict seemed to appear only in self-report measures of general hostility or aggressiveness. Factors that are related to observed sex differences include sex of the instigator and/or victim of aggression, empathy with the victim, guilt, and aggression anxiety. When aggression is perceived as justified or prosocial and when these other factors are controlled, women may act as aggressively as men. Some evidence suggests that men and women react differentially to external aggressive cues and provocation. What may be angerprovoking for men may be anxiety-provoking for women. The hypothesis that sex differences in aggression are biologically determined was not examined. The present discussion should be viewed as an attempt to lay the groundwork for an understanding of the phenotypic expression of whatever genetic differences may exist.Clear sex-related differences in the volume of physical aggression exist in the real world, with men as the pacesetters (e.g., Eron, Huesmann, Lefkowitz, & Walder, 1972) and most often the victims (Stark & McEvoy, 1970). However, we know that women are quite capable of aggression. For example, wives are close to equality with husbands in the United States when it comes to nonlethal violence in the family (Maurer, 1973;Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1974), and some researchers have concluded that women are worse child abusers than are men (Gelles, 1973;Gil, 1968Gil, , 1970. Furthermore, there is some evidence that violent crime rates for younger women are rising, Authors' names are in alphabetical order. The authors wish to thank Leonard Berkowitz and Julia Sherman for comments on earlier drafts of this article.

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Section: Physiological Concomitants Oj Reaction To Provocationmentioning

confidence: 66%

Are women always less aggressive than men? A review of the experimental literature.

Frodi

Macaulay²,

Thome³

1977

Psychological Bulletin

380

207

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“…There are clearly many connections between the experience of having a song stuck in one’s head and other involuntary thoughts (Beaman & Williams, 2010; Hyman et al, 2013). The research methods for studying stuck songs are based on the traumatic film method of creating involuntary thoughts (Antrobus, Singer, & Greenberg, 1966; Becker, Horowitz, & Campbell, 1973; Holmes & Bourne, 2008; Horowitz & Becker, 1971a, 1971b; Horowitz, Becker, & Moskowitz, 1971; Hyman et al, 2013) and the diary methods of investigating involuntary memories (Berntsen, 1996; Kvavilashvili & Mandler, 2004; Mace, 2005). The convergence of findings reveals that although stuck songs are a special form of involuntary thought, they share features with other instances of failing to control the contents of consciousness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involuntary to intrusive: Using involuntary musical imagery to explore individual differences and the nature of intrusive thoughts.

Hyman¹,

Cutshaw

Hall

et al. 2015

Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain

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People frequently experience episodes of involuntary musical imagery. Our goal is to use involuntary musical imagery to understand the reasons songs return to awareness, investigate individual differences in involuntary thoughts, and explore the features that lead some songs to feel intrusive when they invade one’s awareness. We conducted 2 studies—a survey concerning recent episodes of having a song stuck in one’s head and an experimental diary study. In both studies, we replicated other recent findings concerning involuntary musical imagery. People generally know and like the songs that get stuck in their heads, recent exposure leads songs to become stuck in awareness, and if a song begins mentally replaying it is likely to return to awareness over several days. We also found that individual differences in the frequency of involuntary musical imagery were related to the frequency of other involuntary thoughts and to individual differences in attempts to control the contents of consciousness. In a series of exploratory analyses, we investigated features that are associated with times when a song stuck in one’s head begins to feel intrusive. Both one’s emotional reaction to the song and the cognitive load occupied by the mental reexperiencing of the music were related to how intrusive a song felt during episodes of involuntary musical imagery.

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“…Affective responses to stress include negative affect (e.g., feelings of tension, panic, feeling overwhelmed, irritability, restlessness, anger, guilt, sadness, grief, and depression) or positive affect (e.g., feelings of happiness, enthusiasm, contentment, and excitement; Zhaoyang et al, 2020 ). Cognitive responses to stress include mental slowing, confusion, narrowing of focus, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment (forgetfulness), increased or decreased awareness of one’s surroundings, general negative thinking, intrusive and repetitive thoughts and images, constant worry, difficulty making decisions, poor abstract thinking, disturbed thinking, difficulty identifying familiar objects or people, loss of orientation in time and place, and changes in learning and memory ( Becker et al, 1973 ; Bryce, 2001 ; Kemeny, 2003 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Subjective Cognitive Decline During the COVID-19 Epidemic

2021

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During the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, fear of disease and its consequences, recommended lifestyle changes, and severe restrictions set by governments acted as stressors and affected people’s mood, emotions, mental health, and wellbeing. Many studies conducted during this crisis focused on affective and physiological responses to stress, but few studies examined how the crisis affected cognition. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship between physiological, affective, and cognitive responses to the epidemic. In an online survey conducted at the height of the first wave of the epidemic in Slovenia (April 15–25, 2020), 830 Slovenian residents aged 18–85 years reported the effects of stressors (confinement, problems at home, problems at work, lack of necessities, and increased workload), experienced emotions, generalized anxiety, perceived stress, changes in health, fatigue and sleep quality, and perceived changes in cognition during the epidemic. Risk factors for stress (neuroticism, vulnerability, general health, gender, and age) were also recorded. We hypothesized that stressors and stress risk factors will be related to subjective cognitive decline, with negative emotions, generalized anxiety, perceived stress, and physical symptoms acting as mediator variables. On average, the results showed a mild subjective cognitive decline during the epidemic. In structural equation modeling, 34% of its variance was predicted by the mediator variables, with negative emotions and physical symptoms having the largest contribution. Stress risk factors were predictably related to the four mediator variables. Among the stressors, confinement showed the strongest effect on the four mediator variables, implying the importance of thoughtful communication about necessary restrictive measures during emergency circumstances. The results of this study indicate that the possibility of altered cognitive function should be considered when planning work and study activities during the epidemic.

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Cognitive responses to stress: Effects of changes in demand and sex.

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Are women always less aggressive than men? A review of the experimental literature.

Are women always less aggressive than men? A review of the experimental literature.

Involuntary to intrusive: Using involuntary musical imagery to explore individual differences and the nature of intrusive thoughts.

The Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Subjective Cognitive Decline During the COVID-19 Epidemic

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