Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review

Pereira, Gabriela Alvares; Nunes, Maria Vânia Silva; Alzola, Patricia; Contador, Israel

doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1872079

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Some previous studies have shown differences between facial expressions, and some have not [15,16]. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that education period significantly impacts cognitive ability [17,18], whereby years of education had a strong impact on emotion recognition scores in the current study. This result may have something to do with the educational environment in Japan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

“…For example, education is thought to be closely related to cognitive ability. Indeed, some meta-analyses have suggested that the number of years of education is a protective factor against cognitive decline and dementia [17,18]. Furthermore, a previous study reported that individuals with less education are associated with stronger amygdala responses to emotional stimuli, suggesting that educational experience influences brain activity to facial expression stimuli [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Volume of the right supramarginal gyrus is associated with a maintenance of emotion recognition ability

et al. 2021

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Emotion recognition is known to change with age, but associations between the change and brain atrophy are not well understood. In the current study atrophied brain regions associated with emotion recognition were investigated in elderly and younger participants. Group comparison showed no difference in emotion recognition score, while the score was associated with years of education, not age. We measured the gray matter volume of 18 regions of interest including the bilateral precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, orbital gyrus, straight gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus, insular cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, which have been associated with social function and emotion recognition. Brain reductions were observed in elderly group except left inferior frontal gyrus, left straight gyrus, right orbital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus. Path analysis was performed using the following variables: age, years of education, emotion recognition score, and the 5 regions that were not different between the groups. The analysis revealed that years of education were associated with volumes of the right orbital gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus. Furthermore, the right supramarginal gyrus volume was associated with the emotion recognition score. These results suggest that the amount of education received contributes to maintain the right supramarginal gyrus volume, and indirectly affects emotion recognition ability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 38%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volume of the right supramarginal gyrus is associated with a maintenance of emotion recognition ability

et al. 2021

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“…In Japan, the college-going rate 20 years ago was twice as much that of 50 years ago, and this inter-age factor may have caused the inter-group difference in years of education. Since several studies have already shown that years of education affect cognitive function [ 47 , 48 ], further investigations are needed to determine how age and years of education affect cognitive decline in elderly people. Finally, the study used a small sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade process mediated by left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus affects relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction

et al. 2021

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Background Cognitive function declines with age and has been shown to be associated with atrophy in some brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. However, the details of the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction are not well understood. Methods Across a wide range of ages (24- to 85-years-old), this research measured the gray matter volume of structural magnetic resonance imaging data in 39 participants, while some brain regions were set as mediator variables to assess the cascade process between aging and cognitive dysfunction in a path analysis. Results Path analysis showed that age affected the left hippocampus, thereby directly affecting the left superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the gyrus directly affected higher order flexibility and maintenance abilities calculated as in the Wisconsin card sorting test, and the two abilities affected the assessment of general cognitive function. Conclusion Our finding suggests that a cascade process mediated by the left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus is involved in the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction.

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“…Cognitive age is influenced by several internal and external factors. Apart from genetic makeup, environmental and lifestyle variables such as education, type of work, habitual physical and mental activity, nutrition, and stress at work play a modulating role and explain the high degree of variability observed with cognitive performance at advanced ages [ 36 , 37 ]. Thus, we aim to determine which of these factors critically influence the development of cognitive competence and the so-called cognitive reserve in older adults [ 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Biological and Lifestyle Factors on Cognitive Aging and Work Ability in the Dortmund Vital Study: Protocol of an Interdisciplinary, Cross-sectional, and Longitudinal Study

Gajewski¹,

Getzmann²,

Bröde³

et al. 2022

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Previous research revealed several biological and environmental factors modulating cognitive functioning over a human’s lifespan. However, the relationships and interactions between biological factors (eg, genetic polymorphisms, immunological parameters, metabolic products, or infectious diseases) and environmental factors (eg, lifestyle, physical activity, nutrition, and work type or stress at work) as well as their impact on cognitive functions across the lifespan are still poorly understood with respect to their complexity. Objective The goal of the Dortmund Vital Study is to validate previous hypotheses as well as generate and validate new hypotheses about the relationships among aging, working conditions, genetic makeup, stress, metabolic functions, the cardiovascular system, the immune system, and mental performance over the human lifespan with a focus on healthy working adults. The Dortmund Vital Study is a multidisciplinary study involving the Departments of Ergonomics, Immunology, Psychology and Neurosciences, and Toxicology at the Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University of Dortmund (IfADo) in Germany, as well as several national and international partners. Methods The Dortmund Vital Study is designed as a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Approximately 600 healthy subjects aged between 20 and 70 years will participate. A wide range of demographic, psychological, behavioral, sensory, cardiovascular, immunological, and biochemical data, a comprehensive electroencephalography (EEG)-based cognitive test battery as well as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been included in the study. Results The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IfADo in October 2015. The baseline testing was conducted between 2016 and 2021 and will be repeated every 5 years (3 follow-up measures until 2035). As of March 2020 (until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic), 593 participants have been enrolled. Some results from the cross-sectional part of the study were already published, further results will be published soon. Longitudinal data will be analyzed and published by 2025. Conclusions We anticipate that the study will shed light on sources of interindividual differences in the alterations of cognitive functioning with increasing age and reveal biological and lifestyle markers contributing to work ability, longevity, and healthy aging on the one hand, and to risk factors for cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, or even dementia on the other hand. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05155397; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05155397 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/32352

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Cognitive reserve and brain maintenance in aging and dementia: An integrative review

Cited by 34 publications

References 77 publications

Volume of the right supramarginal gyrus is associated with a maintenance of emotion recognition ability

Volume of the right supramarginal gyrus is associated with a maintenance of emotion recognition ability

Cascade process mediated by left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus affects relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction

Impact of Biological and Lifestyle Factors on Cognitive Aging and Work Ability in the Dortmund Vital Study: Protocol of an Interdisciplinary, Cross-sectional, and Longitudinal Study

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