“…Biphasic effects have been demonstrated in numerous nonsexual domains (Newlin and Thomson, 1990), including cognitive functioning (Jones and Vega, 1972;Pihl et al, 2003), motor functioning (Savoie et al, 1988), and mood (Martin et al, 1993). Generally, ascending effects are characterized by heightened cognitive and motor impairment, euphoric mood, and stimulation; descending effects are characterized by reduced cognitive and motor impairment, dysphoric mood, and fatigue.…”