Cognitive Load in Real-Time Strategy Gaming: Human Opponent Versus AI Opponent

Yang, Chen; Ou, Jinping; Whittinghill, David

doi:10.1007/s40869-015-0002-z

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Particularly, “pupillary response” is one of the most extensively researched measures of cognitive loads (see Klingner et al, 2008 ). Relationships between cognitive loading and pupil size have been found in many contexts, including simple cognitive tasks ( Cohen et al, 2012 ), naval simulators ( Greef et al, 2009 ), driving ( Pfleging et al, 2016 ), e-learning ( Porta et al, 2012 ), e-shopping ( Jiang et al, 2021 ), and AI-assisted tasks ( Chen et al, 2015 ). The pupillary reflex, unlike eye movement or blinking, is controlled by the autonomous nervous system (cf.…”

Section: Research Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation directionality and the Inhibitory Control Model: a machine learning approach to an eye-tracking study

Chang

Chen

2023

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionBased on such physiological data as pupillometry collected in an eye-tracking experiment, the study has further confirmed the effect of directionality on cognitive loads during L1 and L2 textual translations by novice translators, a phenomenon called “translation asymmetry” suggested by the Inhibitory Control Model, while revealing that machine learning-based approaches can be usefully applied to the field of Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies.MethodsDirectionality was the only factor guiding the eye-tracking experiment where 14 novice translators with the language combination of Chinese and English were recruited to conduct L1 and L2 translations while their pupillometry were recorded. They also filled out a Language and Translation Questionnaire with which categorical data on their demographics were obtained.ResultsA nonparametric related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test on pupillometry verified the effect of directionality, suggested by the model, during bilateral translations, verifying “translation asymmetry” at a textual level. Further, using the pupillometric data, together with the categorical information, the XGBoost machine-learning algorithm yielded a model that could reliably and effectively predict translation directions.ConclusionThe study has shown that translation asymmetry suggested by the model was valid at a textual level, and that machine learning-based approaches can be gainfully applied to Cognitive Translation and Interpreting Studies.

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Section: Research Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation directionality and the Inhibitory Control Model: a machine learning approach to an eye-tracking study

Chang

Chen

2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…For example, in a competitive gaming environment, students might spare their cognitive resources to figure out how to outperform their peer competitors [43]. Social interactions in game-based learning may also require students' mental effort in knowledge construction when they need to build and maintain interpersonal relationships in learning groups [44].…”

Section: Cognitive Load and Anxiety In Gamified Learning Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Longitudinal Study on Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety and Cognitive Load in Gamified Classes of Higher Education

2022

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Using gamification as an instructional intervention to manage students’ learning emotions has become a trending topic. Meanwhile, the cognitive load resulting from gamified learning environments may impact learning emotions negatively. In order to clarify students’ foreign language anxiety and cognitive load in a gamified English as a foreign language class, this study designed a gamified flipped learning context in a Chinese university and conducted five surveys, three semi-structured interviews, and consecutive in-class observation in 15 sessions. This study has the following findings: First, neither the foreign language anxiety nor the cognitive load of the students changed significantly through the entire course; second, the game elements produced contradictory effects on the students’ multiple-sourced foreign language anxiety (communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation, and lack of self-confidence); third, the introduction of games had transient effects on extraneous cognitive load, and the immersion in games indirectly influenced the intrinsic and germane cognitive load; in addition, foreign language anxiety and cognitive load correlated in a complicated and dynamic manner as a result of diverse gamification factors. These findings are expected to provide useful insights for researchers into the significance of utilizing gamification in emotion management while taking cognitive dimensions into account from both the collective and the individual perspectives.

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“…In-game learned and developed gaming skills have been shown to have positive effect on cognitive load and on ability to cope with increased game challenges. Total cognitive load is decreased when earlier learned patterns can be utilized for processing imposed intrinsic load (Chen, Ou and Whittinghill 2015). The flow theory by Csikszentmihalyi If a player's gaming skills are not in balance with the challenges imposed by the game, i.e.…”

Section: Learning In Gamesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalography in Evaluating Mental Workload of Gaming

Ahonen

Leino

Lipping

2021

2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &Amp; Biology Society (EMBC)

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In this thesis, the feasibility of the electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in evaluating the mental workload of gaming was studied, primarily by giving an overview on the related research, and secondarily as a proof-of-concept type experiment on existing EEG recordings, with a tool implemented for the purpose. In a relation to the EEG analysis, a selective overview on underlying mathematical methods and techniques was given as well.As a result of the review on various studies and their outcome, it was evident that the EEG analysis provides a plausible means to objectively measure and evaluate mental load imposed by gaming. The EEG indicators, that had been successfully deployed in mental load evaluation in the reviewed studies, utilized power spectrum, event related potential and brain connectivity related measurement methods.In the experimental part of the thesis, a tool to process EEG signals and to calculate EEG metrics, was implemented in Matlab environment. The existing EEG recordings (20 recordings in total), that were used in the experiment, had been acquired by groups of students and staff of Tampere University during n-back gaming sessions, as a part of course projects. The ratio of theta and alpha power, calculated over the EEG signal segments that were time-locked to game events, was selected as EEG metrics for mental load evaluation. The expectation, based on the reviewed studies, was that the value of the calculated ratio should increase with increasing mental load. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was applied to test this hypothesis for the ratio values combined from all recordings. The rank-sum test results revealed that the theta-alpha power ratio performed as a confident indicator for the evaluation and comparison of mental load. It should be noted that this was valid only for the frontal channels Fp1 and Fp2, of the recordings, and at the highest game difficulty level the calculated ratio values started to appear inconsistent, which could be a consequence of possible concentration issues, as the task became too demanding.

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Cognitive Load in Real-Time Strategy Gaming: Human Opponent Versus AI Opponent

Cited by 4 publications

References 33 publications

Translation directionality and the Inhibitory Control Model: a machine learning approach to an eye-tracking study

Translation directionality and the Inhibitory Control Model: a machine learning approach to an eye-tracking study

A Longitudinal Study on Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety and Cognitive Load in Gamified Classes of Higher Education

Electroencephalography in Evaluating Mental Workload of Gaming

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