Cognitive Heuristics and Biases in Personality Assessment

Garb, Howard N.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9238-6_5

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 73 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Simultaneously, the context-sensitive idiographic judgments made by clinicians are affected by many sources of bias and error (Arkes, 1981;Garb, 1994;Spengler, Strohmer, Dixon, & Shivy, 1995) that do not impinge on research results. It seems then the challenge for advancing personality assessment is to temper the contextual "error" of method variance that pervades research by designing studies that treat all scores in a manner that more directly parallels what is done in actual clinical practice, while simultaneously producing research that helps clinicians to temper the error that naturally affects applied clinical judgment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Convergent Validity of MMPI and Rorschach Scales: An Extension Using Profile Scores to Define Response and Character Styles on Both Methods and a Reexamination of Simple Rorschach Response

Meyer

1999

Journal of Personality Assessment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Past research indicated the convergence of Rorschach and MMPI scales may be a function of (a) simple Rorschach response frequency (R) or (b) complex response-character styles on both methods. In this study, new criteria were developed for defining the second assumption using F and K from the MMPI and R and Lambda from the Rorschach. Although substantially different from the factor criteria used previously (KS = .45 and .30), the new criteria still produced the expected pattern of correlations among MMPI and Rorschach scales. Averaged across 17 constructs, the new criteria produced strong validity coefficients for patients with similar styles (M composite r = .50), though they were less effective for patients with discordant styles (M composite r = -.27). It was also demonstrated that R by itself does not moderate convergent validity. Rather, statistical modeling with two sets of 300 random samples (a) demonstrated the prior findings related to R were the result of sampling error and (b) supported the general hypothesis that Rorschach and MMPI scales correlate to the extent response-character styles correlate. Implications are considered.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Convergent Validity of MMPI and Rorschach Scales: An Extension Using Profile Scores to Define Response and Character Styles on Both Methods and a Reexamination of Simple Rorschach Response

Meyer

1999

Journal of Personality Assessment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is generally recognized that the operation of various biases and heuristics affect how clinicians make diagnoses and other professional judgments about their clients (Arkes, 1981;Dawes, 1986;Garb, 1989Garb, , 1994Garb, , 1998. Garb (1996) observed that clinicians frequently make diagnostic judgments about a new case by comparing one or more of its features to the prototypical features of cases that already constitute a known or established category for the clinician.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anchoring effects can also bias clinical judgments in that information obtained earlier in clinicians' contacts with clients can have a greater influence on their emerging perceptions than information appearing later (Garb, 1994). Because some clinicians tend to form their judgments very quickly, even within minutes of first meeting with a client, initial impressions may necessarily anchor or constrain a clinician's later impressions and the perceived therapeutic alternatives for the client (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Knowledge of Client Birth Order Bias Clinical Judgment?

Stewart

2004

Jour of Counseling & Develop

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clinicians (N = 308) responded to identical counseling vignettes of a male client that differed only in the client's stated birth order.Clinicians developed different impressions about the client and his family experiences that corresponded with the prototypical descriptions of persons from 1 of 4 birth orders (i.e., first, middle, youngest, and only). Once the client was viewed as exemplifying a particular birth order, clinicians' prognostic ratings differed according to the client's birth order.

show abstract

“…The representativeness heuristic asserts that "the probability of an event is estimated by the degree to which it fits an existing cognitive stereotype" (Schwartz, 1994). Garb (1994) has said that the representativeness heuristic is operating when a person "makes a judgement by deciding whether an object or person is representative of a category" (p. 73). Garb suggested, for example, that when deciding whether or not a diagnosis of schizophrenia is appropriate, we may compare the person concerned with our image of the "typical" patient with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Representativenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Thoughts About Reasoning in Clinical Neuropsychology

Siegert

1999

Behav. change

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present paper argues that discussion of the role of reasoning in clinical neuropsychology has been largely restricted to a debate over the reliability and validity of end-stage decision-making. This has sometimes led to heated debate, but has not resulted in any careful consideration of either the process of clinical reasoning or the cognition of the clinician. There is already a wealth of theory and research on the kinds of errors typical of human judgement and decision-making. Moreover, much of this work is particularly relevant for neuropsychology, being frequently based on research on medical diagnosis. This literature is briefly reviewed, with examples that demonstrate the relevance of research in this area for clinical neuropsychology. Then, a step-by-step approach is taken to examining the process of clinical neuropsychological assessment, with consideration at each step of some of the issues that arise demanding clinical reasoning. Finally, the article is briefly summarised and some implications for clinical training are advanced.

show abstract

Cognitive Heuristics and Biases in Personality Assessment

Cited by 19 publications

References 73 publications

The Convergent Validity of MMPI and Rorschach Scales: An Extension Using Profile Scores to Define Response and Character Styles on Both Methods and a Reexamination of Simple Rorschach Response

The Convergent Validity of MMPI and Rorschach Scales: An Extension Using Profile Scores to Define Response and Character Styles on Both Methods and a Reexamination of Simple Rorschach Response

Can Knowledge of Client Birth Order Bias Clinical Judgment?

Some Thoughts About Reasoning in Clinical Neuropsychology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About