Cognitive functions among euthymic bipolar I patients after a single manic episode versus recurrent episodes

Resting State Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in Psychiatric Disorders

“…Though there have been very few studies conducted on euthymia, patients with euthymia appear to show a decrease of rCBF/rGMR in the prefrontal cortex and an increase in rCBF/rGMR in the subcortical areas, according to previous reports. These notions are comparable to recent clinical observations that patients in a euthymic state show significant cognitive impairments identical to the distinctive pathological states of mania and depression (Kessing, 1998;Elshahawi et al, 2011), and they are in preparatory stage to relapse fragile to stress (Swann, 2010), but not asymptomatic state not meeting manic and depression.…”

Cognitive and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder with and without psychosis during early remission from an acute mood episode: A comparative longitudinal study

“…These studies show that a more severe course of illness in general, and a history of psychosis in particular, are associated with cognitive impairment even in the absence of mood symptoms 8,39,40 . Current theorizing around these findings emphasizes the potential neurotoxic effects of repeated exposure to symptoms 15 .…”

Neurocognitive Functioning in Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Data

“…The literature suggests that the attentional defi cit is widespread in BD; it covers all related processes. The magnitude of impairment is independent of the phase of the illness and current symptomatology although there is signifi cant variability present (Chaves et al 2011 ;Clark et al 2002Clark et al , 2005aFleck et al 2005 ;Liu et al 2002 ;Malhi et al 2007a ;Sanchez-Morla et al 2009 ;Elshahawi et al 2011 ;Strakowski et al 2004 ;Rund et al 1992 ;Thomas et al 1996 ;Harmer et al 2002a ;Zubieta et al 2001 ;Seidman et al 2002 ;Fitzgerald et al 2004 ;Glahn et al 2007 ;Hill et al 2009 ;Malloy-Diniz et al 2009 ;Wilder-Willis et al 2001 ;Ali et al 2000 ;Asarnow and MacCrimmon 1981 ). The defi cit is present already during the early stages of the disorder (Kolur et al 2006 ) and it is less pronounced in comparison to patients with schizophrenia (Goldberg et al 1993 ;Addington and Addington 1997 ;Park and Holzman 1992 ).…”

“…Reasoning seems to rely heavily on verbal and linguistic skills and thus in BD patients it might be important to consider it separately from the rest of the executive functions (Goodwin and Jamison 2007 ). Signifi cant impairment in executive functions except reasoning is reported to be present during all phases of BD (Elshahawi et al 2011 ;Barrett et al 2009 ;Frangou et al 2005a ;Frantom et al 2008 ;Goswami et al 2006 ;Martinez-Aran et al 2002Hsiao et al 2009 ;Martino et al 2011a ;Mur et al 2007 ;Rossi et al 2000 ;Sanchez-Morla et al 2009 ;Torralva et al 2012 ;Wolf et al 2010 ;Borkowska and Rybakowski 2001 ;Malhi et al 2007a ;Antila et al 2007aAntila et al , 2009Dittmann et al 2008a ;Basso et al 2009 ;Glahn et al 2007 ;Zubieta et al 2001 ;Tam et al 1998 ;Tien et al 1996 ;Brambilla et al 2007 ;Morice 1990 ;Coffman et al 1990 ;Seidman et al 2002 ;Fitzgerald et al 2004 ;Bora et al 2007 ;Selva et al 2007 ;Simonsen et al 2011 ;Dittmann et al 2008b ;Malloy-Diniz et al 2009 ;Ali et al 2000 ;Waddington et al 1989 ;Savard et al 1980 ;Rubinsztein et al 2000 ) and early during the course of the illn...…”