“…Some of these approaches were developed solely in the clinical context (e.g., Beck, 1976) and therefore show a lack of integration of the most recent advances in cognitive psychology. These clinical-based approaches typically present an inappropriate view of, for example, reasoning in ordinary healthy individuals, and, consequently, can fail to see similarities as well as differences between reasoning in depression and reasoning in non-depressed individuals (see Champion & Power, 1995;Power & Champion, 1986;Power & Wykes, 1996;Quelhas & Power, 1991), or of reasoning in schizophrenia (e.g., Quelhas, 1987). Just to give an example, the idea that healthy non-depressed individuals reason in a logical way (e.g., see proposals by Beck, 1976, in the case of depression; Arieti, 1974 andMatte-Blanco, 1976, in the case of schizophrenia) leads to the incorrect view that reasoning performance by comparison is almost always biased in such patients.…”