Cognitive appraisals and transformations in delay behavior.

Mischel, Walter; Baker, Nancy L.

doi:10.1037/h0076272

Cited by 382 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For example, Mischel and colleagues developed the classic delay task in which children are told that if they wait for the experimenter to return (a considerable period of time), they will receive a larger price (e.g., more food) than if they do not want to wait to consume (or receive) the prize (e.g., Mischel. 1974;Mischel & Baker, 1972;Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990). Several findings from this work are noteworthy.…”

Section: Mischel's Delay Of Gratification Taskmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Thus, emotion regulation is defined as the process of initiating, maintaining, modulating, or changing the occurrence, intensity, or duration of internal feeling states and emotion-related motivations and physiological processes, often in the service of accomplishing one's goals (Eisenberg & Morris, 2002). Mechanisms involved in emotion regulation include attentional processes (e.g., attention shifting and focusing), cognitive constructions or appraisals (e.g., Mischel & Baker, 1972;Mischel, 2000), and sometimes even overt behaviors such as inhibiting movement toward an evocative object (Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981).…”

Section: Emotion Regulation Versus Emotion-related Behavioral Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measures of effortful regulation for young children

Spinrad

Eisenberg

Gaertner

2007

Infant Mental Health Journal

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Emotion-related regulation is a topic of increasing interest among researchers, yet there is little agreement on ways to measure emotion regulation in young children. In this paper, we first consider important conceptual distinctions in regard to the different types of emotion-related regulation and control. Next, we describe a number of ways researchers have assessed children's regulation. We also present data from the Toddler Emotional Development project, in which laboratory-based measures of effortful regulation were used. In this section, we highlight the measures that show promise (and those that did not work well). Future directions for research on the measurement of effortful regulation are presented.

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Section: Mischel's Delay Of Gratification Taskmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Emotion Regulation Versus Emotion-related Behavioral Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of effortful regulation for young children

Spinrad

Eisenberg

Gaertner

2007

Infant Mental Health Journal

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“…First, conceptually, our approach builds on prior work on delay of gratification in children and temporal (or delay) discounting, showing that healthy as well as drug-dependent adults prefer immediate smaller rewards compared with larger delayed rewards (45,46), but that cognitive strategies can influence and even reverse this preference (47). Whereas such studies have focused on what our choices reveal about our relative desires for immediate as opposed to delayed rewards, the present work focuses on how we can actively take control over the affective impulses that motivate these choices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving

Kober

Mende-Siedlecki

Kross

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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610

586

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The ability to control craving for substances that offer immediate rewards but whose long-term consumption may pose serious risks lies at the root of substance use disorders and is critical for mental and physical health. Despite its importance, the neural systems supporting this ability remain unclear. Here, we investigated this issue using functional imaging to examine neural activity in cigarette smokers, the most prevalent substance-dependent population in the United States, as they used cognitive strategies to regulate craving for cigarettes and food. We found that the cognitive down-regulation of craving was associated with (i) activity in regions previously associated with regulating emotion in particular and cognitive control in general, including dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, and (ii) decreased activity in regions previously associated with craving, including the ventral striatum, subgenual cingulate, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Decreases in craving correlated with decreases in ventral striatum activity and increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity, with ventral striatal activity fully mediating the relationship between lateral prefrontal cortex and reported craving. These results provide insight into the mechanisms that enable cognitive strategies to effectively regulate craving, suggesting that it involves neural dynamics parallel to those involved in regulating other emotions. In so doing, this study provides a methodological tool and conceptual foundation for studying this ability across substance using populations and developing more effective treatments for substance use disorders.

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“…For example, studies based on the delay-of-gratification paradigm have shown that affect-rich access to the sensory properties of rewarding objects (e.g., the physical presence of an appetizing marshmallow) tends to promote impatience to obtain these objects for immediate gratification, and this at the cost of receiving even more rewarding objects at a later point in time (e.g., two marshmallows; see Mischel and Ebbesen 1970;Mischel, Ebbesen, and Zeiss 1972). In contrast, affect-poor representations of the same objects (e.g., thinking of the marshmallow as a cloud) tend to promote greater patience and ability to delay gratification (Mischel and Baker 1975; see also Shiv andFedhorikhin 1999 andRead andLeeuwen 1998 for related results). More recent studies show that the impatient tendencies triggered by affect-rich stimuli can even carry over to subsequent unrelated tasks.…”

Section: Stimulus Affect Promotes Impatiencementioning

confidence: 99%