Cognitive and AI models of reasoning

Wharton, Charles M.; Grafman, Jordan

doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01122-x

Cited by 45 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Brain imaging has provided evidence that FPC contributes to reasoning or problem-solving2526 as well as learning, exploration, memory retrieval, relational reasoning, and multiple task coordination27. It has been hypothesized that the typical mode of behavior in subjects with occupational burnout consist of an underestimation of the significance of work load, acceptance of high workload, and a feeling that the work situation can be controlled by increasing the working hours resulting from maladaptive coping effort and strategy3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Occupational Stress is associated with Decreased Cortical Activity of the Prefrontal Cortex: A Multichannel Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study

Chou

Lin

Hung

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Despite an increasing number of reports on the associations between chronic occupational stress and structural and functional changes of the brain, the underlying neural correlates of perceived occupational stress is still not clear. Perceived stress reflects the extents to which situations are appraised as stressful at a given point in one’s life. Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we investigated the associations between perceived occupational stress and cortical activity over the bilateral frontotemporal regions during a verbal fluency test. Sixty-eight participants (17 men, 51 women), 20–62 years of age were recruited. Perceived occupational stress was measured using the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire, and the Chinese version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. We found statistically significant negative associations between occupational burnout and brain cortical activity over the fronto-polar and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the VFT (r = −0.343 to −0.464). In conclusion, our research demonstrated a possible neural basis of perceived occupational stress that are distributed across the prefrontal cortex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Occupational Stress is associated with Decreased Cortical Activity of the Prefrontal Cortex: A Multichannel Near-infrared Spectroscopy Study

Chou

Lin

Hung

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…With respect to the former, the distinction has been between verbal and visual-spatial modalities, where verbal is largely left hemisphere (LH) and visual-spatial is largely right hemisphere (RH; Ratcliff, 1979; Frost et al, 1999). Proposals that implicate different processing styles include distinctions between analytic and sequential processing (LH dominance) and holistic and parallel processing (RH dominance; Deglin and Kinsbourne, 1996; Wharton and Grafman, 1998), the spatial frequency hypothesis which distinguishes between local information processing (LH dominance) and global information processing (RH dominance; Sergent, 1987; Robertson and Lamb, 1991), and categorical (LH dominance) and coordinate (RH dominance) representation of spatial information (Kosslyn et al, 1989; Jager and Postma, 2003). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indeterminacy tolerance as a basis of hemispheric asymmetry within prefrontal cortex

Goel

2015

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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There is an important hemispheric distinction in the functional organization of prefrontal cortex (PFC) that has not been fully recognized and explored. Research with split-brain patients provides considerable evidence for a left hemisphere (LH) “interpreter” that abhors indeterminacy and automatically draws inferences to complete patterns (real or imaginary). It is suggested that this “interpreter” function may be a byproduct of the linguistic capabilities of the LH. This same literature initially limited the role of the right hemisphere (RH) to little more than visual organization. Recent reviews have garnered evidence for several different roles for the right PFC in reasoning, problem solving, and decision-making. We here focus on the beneficial but neglected role of indeterminacy in real-world problem solving and argue that the right PFC complements the left PFC “interpreter” by maintaining, and even enhancing indeterminacy. Successful real-world functioning is a delicate balancing act between these two systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reasoning about context-independent situations appears to be mediated by left hemispheric regions, whereas reasoning influenced by information based on previous beliefs, values, or goals is mediated by right hemispheric and bilateral ventromedial regions (Wharton and Grafman, 1998). Left hemispheric overarousal in murderers with schizophrenia relative to non-violent schizophrenia patients may reflect over-activity in left hemispheric brain centers responsible for logical or sequential reasoning, rational or analytical thought (Wharton and Grafman, 1998), or the ability to be objective or look at parts rather than wholes (e.g., analytic, bit-by-bit processing; Delis et al, 1988). Overactive left in the absence of intact right hemispheric reasoning processes (undermined perhaps by schizophrenia-related deficits in context-relevant or even “emotional” types of memory) could explain why an individual with schizophrenia would focus upon and over-process context-independent environmental cues (at the expense of understanding important overarching contextual factors) and perceive them as confusing or even threatening while failing to call upon important right hemispheric belief, value, and goal-oriented processing resources; or perhaps over-interpret, analyze, or rationalize available information into perceptions which are congruent with a delusional framework.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%