Coffee Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Abstract

Background It remains unclear whether coffee intake is associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the risk of hypertension by using a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Methods PubMed and Embase were searched using keywords in September 2022 to identify studies on coffee intake and the risk of hypertension. Results We included a total of 12 longitudinal cohort studies, which involved a total of 64,650 incident cases of hypertension among 314,827 participants. In a random effects model meta-analysis of all the studies, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension (relative risk [RR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–1.00; I 2 = 40.8%; n = 12). In the subgroup meta-analysis, coffee intake was associated with a decreased risk of hypertension in studies conducted in America (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–0.98; I 2 = 4.6%; n = 5) and in low-quality studies (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.88–0.96; I 2 = 0.0%; n = 7). In the remaining subgroup meta-analyses by amount of coffee intake, gender, type of coffee (decaffeinated vs. caffeinated), smoking, and years of follow-up, coffee intake was not significantly associated with the risk of hypertension. Conclusion The current meta-analysis showed that coffee intake is not associated with the risk of hypertension.

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…There are several meta-analyses evaluating the relationship between coffee and HTN risk [12,51,52]. In the most recent meta-analysis, published in November 2022, 12 prospective cohort studies were included, and a null association was found [53]. However, this study has some methodological limitations.…”

Beverages – a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

“…There are currently conflicting results regarding coffee consumption and risk of hypertension. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies found that high coffee consumption was not associated with increased blood pressure and in fact report a non-linear inverse dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of hypertension ( 33 – 35 ). On the other hand, a meta-analysis that included 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with combined 470 study subjects (mean age 27 years), with a study duration ranging from 30 min to 4 weeks, found that caffeinated beverages (coffee and other caffeinated beverages) were associated with an overall short-term (within 4 weeks) blood pressure elevation of 3.04/2.45 mmHg.…”

“…There are currently conflicting results regarding coffee consumption and risk of hypertension. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies found that high coffee consumption was not associated with increased blood pressure and in fact report a non-linear inverse dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of hypertension (33)(34)(35). On the other hand, a meta-analysis that included 11 randomized controlled Average intake and among the group with very high consumption of added sugars (i.e.…”