Coffee and Tea Consumption Are Inversely Associated with Mortality in a Multiethnic Urban Population1–3

Abstract

Coffee and tea are commonly consumed beverages. Inverse associations with mortality have been suggested for coffee and tea, but the relationships with cause-specific mortality are not well understood. We examined regular and decaffeinated coffee and tea in relation to mortality due to all causes, vascular, nonvascular, and cancer in the multi-ethnic, prospective, population-based Northern Manhattan Study. The study population included 2461 participants with diet data who were free of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cancer at baseline (mean age 68.30 ± 10.23 y, 36% men, 19% white, 23% black, 56% Hispanic). During a mean follow-up of 11 y, we examined the associations between coffee and tea consumption, assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and 863 deaths (342 vascular related and 444 nonvascular including 160 cancer deaths) using multivariable-adjusted Cox models. Coffee consumption was inversely associated with all-cause mortality [for each additional cup/d, HR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.99); P = 0.02]. Caffeinated coffee was inversely associated with all-cause mortality, driven by a strong protection among those who drank ≥4 cups/d. An inverse dose-response relationship between tea and all-cause mortality was suggested [for each additional cup/d, HR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.99); P = 0.01]. Coffee consumption ≥4/d was protective against nonvascular death [vs. <1/mo, HR = 0.57 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.97)] and tea consumption ≥2/d was protective against nonvascular death [HR = 0.63 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.95)] and cancer [HR = 0.33 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.80)]. There was a strong inverse association between coffee and vascular-related mortality among Hispanics only. Further study is needed, including investigation into the mechanisms and compounds in coffee and tea responsible for the inverse associations with mortality. The differential relationship between coffee and vascular death across race/ethnicity underscores the need for research in similar multi-ethnic cohorts including Hispanics.

Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Nine studies (4)(5)(6)8,26,27,30,33,34) separately reported outcomes for men and women, hence there were eleven cohorts on men and ten cohorts on women. Of the seventeen studies, eight were conducted in the USA (4,5,8,23,25,28,29,31) , six in Europe (22,24,27,30,32,34) and three in Japan (6,26,34) . Twelve studies reported risk estimates with 95 % confidence intervals adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol intake and physical activity (4)(5)(6)8,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(31)(32)(33) and eight of them additionally controlled for education level (4,8,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)33) .…”

“…Finally, seventeen eligible studies consisting of 1 054 571 participants and 131 212 death events due to all causes were identified and included in the present study (4)(5)(6)8,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34) . The mean follow-up time of each study ranged from 7·1 to 25 years with a median of 15 years.…”

“…As one of the main objectives of the present research was to explore whether the association of coffee intake with total mortality differed between men and women, those studies that combined two sexes together were not included in the subgroup analyses (24,25,28,29,31) . The results of subgroup analyses are presented in Fig.…”

Coffee with a high content of chlorogenic acids and low content of hydroxyhydroquinone improves postprandial endothelial dysfunction in patients with borderline and stage 1 hypertension

“…In addition, the association between coffee drinking and risk of cardiovascular disease remains inconclusive [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. The reason for the controversial results remains unclear.…”

“…Drinking coffee is associated with lower risks of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and coronary heart disease [15][16][17][18][19]. However, there have been conflicting results regarding the association between coffee drinking and risk of cardiovascular disease [19][20][21][22][23]. The effect of coffee on endothelial function is also controversial [24][25][26][27].…”