Coexistence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity in community-dwelling adults – The Yishun Study

Abstract

Objectives To 1) report prevalence of ‘osteosarcopenia’ (OS) and osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) entities using evidence-based diagnostic techniques and definitions, 2) examine if OSO offers additional predictive value of functional decline over its components, and 3) identify associated factors in a multi-racial Southeast Asian population. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 542 community-dwelling adults (21–90 years old), and assessed anthropometry, cognition, functional performance, and self-report sociodemographic, health and lifestyle questionnaires. Low muscle mass, and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria, were used to assess sarcopenia. Obesity was defined using percentage body fat and fat mass index. Osteopenia/osteoporosis was determined using lumbar spinal bone mineral density. Associated factors were examined using logistic regression, and OSO’s value investigated using linear regressions with functional performance. Results OS and OSO prevalence were 1.8% and 0% (21–59 years), 12.9% and 2.8% (≥ 60 years), 17.3% and 4.1% (≥ 65 years), and 25.5% and 7.0% (≥75 years), respectively. OSO entity as defined was not a significant predictor (P > 0.05) and did not improve explanations for functional decline over sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity. Age, sex, race and body mass index (BMI) were associated with OS, while age, sex, race and alcoholism were associated with OSO. Conclusions Our results do not support OSO as a distinct entity in relation to functional decline. Aside from biological age, sex, and race, amenable lifestyle factors such as BMI and alcohol intake are important variables that can influence the co-existence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity.

Sarcopenic osteoporosis, sarcopenic obesity, and sarcopenic osteoporotic obesity in the Camargo cohort (Cantabria, Spain)

“…Therefore, it seems that, in this regard, obesity does not add much to sarcopenic osteoporosis. Pang et al [ 45 ] have also not found that the coincidence of the three diseases is accompanied by a functional impairment greater than that of sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity.…”

Comparison of Physical Function among Elderly Japanese Women with and without Low Bone Mass and Low Muscle Mass: A Cross-Sectional Study of Older Women Who Engage in Regular Physical Activity

“…Bone loss and muscle loss interact, and their structure and function decline with aging [ 11 ]. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia in elderly people living in the community increases with aging and is reported to be more strongly associated with women than with men [ 8 , 20 ]. Therefore, it can be inferred that late-elderly-stage female patients with both bone and muscle mass loss are more likely to experience a decline in physical function.…”

“…However, the question remains as to whether the physical function can be maintained among older adults who engage in regular exercise, even if both bone mass and muscle mass have reduced. In addition, osteoporosis is significantly more common in postmenopausal older women [ 4 ], and female sex is one of the identified risk factors associated with osteosarcopenia [ 20 ]. Therefore, studies focusing on older women and identifying physical function characteristics of older women who exercise regularly and have both bone and muscle loss are important because they may provide useful information for the prevention of disability among the elderly population.…”

Osteosarcopenic obesity and its components—osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and obesity—are associated with blood cell count-derived inflammation indices in older Chinese people

“…Osteoporosis, obesity, and sarcopenia are major global public health concerns [ 1 ]. A combination of two or three of these conditions usually results in comorbid conditions that pose an immense economic burden on older people and society [ 2 , 3 ].…”