Coeliotomy‐assisted intrauterine insemination in dogs: a study of 238 inseminations

Abstract

Whelping rates and litter sizes were similar to other case studies and the experimental reports of CAII. Progressive motility percentage affects the odds of whelping, and litter size is affected by both the weight and parity of the bitch. Importantly, these findings provide some evidence that whelping rates with CAII are not maximised unless more than 200 × 10(6) progressively motile sperm are inseminated.

Relationship between motile sperm subpopulations identified in frozen‐thawed dog semen samples and their ability to bind to the zona pellucida of canine oocytes

“…Burgess et al. () found no significant differences in whelping rates of bitches when the insemination dose contained a total number of progressively motile sperm of ≤50 × 10 6 , >50–100 × 10 6 or >100–200 × 10 6 . However, the odds of pregnancy were 4 and 15‐fold higher when the percentage of motile spermatozoa was, respectively, >25%–50% and >50%–100% relative to doses with <25% progressively motile sperm (Burgess et al., ).…”

“…In contrast, when using cryopreserved semen, the total sperm number available for AI is usually limited and quality compensation may not be achieved. Although the minimum number of motile and normal sperm required for maximum fertility of frozen‐thawed semen is not known in dogs, insemination doses of 100–200 million progressive motile sperm are generally used with acceptable pregnancy rates (Burgess, Mitchell, & Thomas, ; Farstad & Andersen Berg, ; Linde‐Forsberg & Forsberg, , ; Thomassen, Farstad, Krogenæs, Fougner, & Andersen Berg, ; Thomassen et al., ; Mason, ; Mason & Rous, ). However, it is likely that insemination doses could be substantially reduced when using thawed semen of excellent quality (Wilson, ) whereas they may need to be increased when using samples of low quality, and even then fertility may be low.…”

Birth of puppies of predetermined sex after artificial insemination with a low number of sex‐sorted, frozen–thawed spermatozoa in field conditions

“…Inseminations were performed 72 h after the progesterone concentration was ≥20 nmol/L (Burgess et al . ). A laparotomy was performed according to the methods described by Kim et al .…”

“…The timing of the insemination was based on vulval examination, vaginal cytology and sequential monitoring of serum progesterone concentrations following the methods described by Burgess et al (2012). Serial serum progesterone assays were performed after changes in vulval morphology, vaginal discharge and vaginal cytology that were consistent with estrus.…”

“…The serum progesterone concentration was monitored from baseline (<5 nmol/L) until it increased (>20 nmol/L). Inseminations were performed 72 h after the progesterone concentration was ≥20 nmol/L (Burgess et al 2012). A laparotomy was performed according to the methods described by Kim et al (2007).…”