Codling moth granulovirus: a comprehensive review

Pesticide use in current and innovative apple orchard systems

“…other used fungicides, insecticides and herbicides) that were not included in one of the previous categories were regrouped under 'Other products'. Special attention was paid in the discussion to the TFI related to the use of the highly specific CpGV because this compound had no known effects on other species nor on the environment (Lacey et al 2008). Lastly, the number of mechanical or manual actions and visual controls required to control pests, diseases or weeds was also registered to account for all crop protection practices and observations carried out in the orchards.…”

Ultraviolet protection of theCydia pomonellagranulovirus using zinc oxide and titanium dioxide

“…The economic damage is especially serious because of the direct effects of larval feeding as well as subsequent micro-organism contamination. Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) was first isolated from infected codling moth larvae collected in Mexico (CpGV-M) (as cited in Lacey, Thomson, Vincent, & Arthurs, 2008). So far, many other isolates have been found in other countries including Russia, England, Georgia, Iran, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, Switzerland and China (Crook, Spencer, Payne, & Leisy, 1985;Eberle, Sayed, Rezapanah, ShojaiEstabragh, & Jehle, 2009;Gan et al, 2011;Harvey & Volkman, 1983;Liu, Lei, & Sun, 2013;Rezapanah, Shojai-Estabragh, Huber, & Jehle, 2008).…”

“…The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most devastating pests of apples and pears on a global scale (Lacey, Thomson, Vincent, & Arthurs, 2008;Witzgall, Stelinski, Gut, & Thomson, 2008). The economic damage is especially serious because of the direct effects of larval feeding as well as subsequent micro-organism contamination.…”

Field trials of CpGV virus isolates overcoming resistance to CpGV-M

“…In 1969 the first field trials were carried out in the USA, in Australia, and in Europe, followed by the Canada (6). In Europe, the use of the CpGV-M isolate as a biological control agent was registered in the late 1980's (8). Thereafter, different commercial products (5) and in France (10).…”