“…Similarly, petroleum refineries convert the entire crude oil feedstock to multiple maximum-value products. Thus, a fundamental biomass processing strategy is required to synergistically improve the processability for both carbohydrate and lignin, to improve net energy gain, and thus enhance overall sustainability and profitability (Liu et al, 2018(Liu et al, , 2019a. However, even though lignin is the main constituent of the plant cell wall and has higher energy content than cellulose, it has a recalcitrant complex structure with plentiful aromatic moieties, which present significant challenges for its potential use as a valuable resource for bioenergy and biomaterial (Matsakas et al, 2018).…”