Spherical lignin particles: a review on their sustainability and applications

Österberg, Monika; Sipponen, Mika H.; Mattos, Bruno D.; Rojas, Orlando J.

doi:10.1039/d0gc00096e

Cited by 284 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 188 publications

(285 reference statements)

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“…Nanolignin could be prepared via precipitation technology [ 108 ], ultra-sonication [ 109 ], atomization [ 110 ], high shear homogenization [ 111 ] and continuous solvent exchange/dialysis for various applications [ 112 ]. The techniques used to prepare lignin nanoparticles could be also divided into wet and dry methods [ 113 ]. Wet particles are generally produced via various precipitation methods which involve a process of dissolving lignin in organic solvent and a process of precipitating in an anti-solvent (typically water).…”

Section: Preparation Of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, it was reported that lignin fractions with high molecular weight, low content of OH groups and high S/G ratio resulted in weak lignin–water interactions and a high degree of aggregation, thereby resulting in a small size of nanoparticles [ 118 ]. Although lignin particles are generally considered non-toxic by in vitro or in vivo toxicological assessment, the current production of lignin nanoparticles often requires the use of organic solvents and thus can generate toxic effects on the environment [ 113 ]. In addition, some of the processes also use expensive materials.…”

Section: Preparation Of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

Wang

Meng

et al. 2020

Polymers

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The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.

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Section: Preparation Of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

Wang

Meng

et al. 2020

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Healthcare, food, civil construction, and agriculture greatly benefit from dispersants that enable the mixing of immiscible liquid phases and enhance the stability of particle suspensions. Dispersants lower the interfacial tension between immiscible liquids, as well as increasing the repulsive forces between suspended particles and prevent settling and aggregation of phases, thus improving technical properties of multiphase systems such as rheology, lifetime, and function [ 97 ].…”

Section: Lignin Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the industrially used dispersants are synthesized from non-renewable precursors and are not biodegradable, raising concerns over their sustainability [ 97 ]. Therefore, the development of lignin-based dispersants is an attractive solution.…”

Section: Lignin Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Potential of Hardwood Kraft Lignin to Be a Green Platform Material for Emergence of the Biorefinery

et al. 2020

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Lignin is an abundant, renewable, and relatively cheap biobased feedstock that has potential in energy, chemicals, and materials. Kraft lignin, more specifically, has been used for more than 100 years as a self-sustaining energy feedstock for industry after which it has finally reached more widespread commercial appeal. Unfortunately, hardwood kraft lignin (HWKL) has been neglected over these years when compared to softwood kraft lignin (SWKL). Therefore, the present work summarizes and critically reviews the research and development (R&D) dealing specifically with HWKL. It will also cover methods for HWKL extraction from black liquor, as well as its structure, properties, fractionation, and modification. Finally, it will reveal several interesting opportunities for HWKL that include dispersants, adsorbents, antioxidants, aromatic compounds (chemicals), and additives in briquettes, pellets, hydrogels, carbon fibers and polymer blends and composites. HWKL shows great potential for all these applications, however more R&D is needed to make its utilization economically feasible and reach the levels in the commercial lignin market commensurate with SWKL. The motivation for this critical review is to galvanize further studies, especially increased understandings in the field of HWKL, and hence amplify much greater utilization.

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“…Indeed, LNPs display fascinating properties such as favorable dispersibility, high specific surface area, and flexible molecular design [ 14 ]. They aid in the preparation of nanostructured materials with several enhanced properties including increased thermal stability, mechanical performance, and barrier properties [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Despite this promising potential, large-scale production of LNPs is far from sufficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Lignin Nanoparticles with Deep Eutectic Solvents by Nanoprecipitation

Luo

Wang

et al. 2021

Molecules

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Lignin nanomaterials have wide application prospects in the fields of cosmetics delivery, energy storage, and environmental governance. In this study, we developed a simple and sustainable synthesis approach to produce uniform lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) by dissolving industrial lignin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) followed by a self-assembling process. LNPs with high yield could be obtained through nanoprecipitation. The LNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Distinct LNPs could be produced by changing the type of DES, lignin sources, pre-dropping lignin concentration, and the pH of the system. Their diameter is in the range of 20–200 nm and they show excellent dispersibility and superior long-term stability. The method of preparing LNPs from lignin–DES with water as an anti-solvent is simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly. The outcome aids to further the advancement of lignin-based nanotechnology.

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Spherical lignin particles: a review on their sustainability and applications

Abstract: A critical review on spherical lignin nanoparticles highlighting aspects associated to their shape, performance in applications, sustainability, stability and degradation.

Cited by 284 publications

References 188 publications

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

Insights into the Potential of Hardwood Kraft Lignin to Be a Green Platform Material for Emergence of the Biorefinery

Preparation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Lignin Nanoparticles with Deep Eutectic Solvents by Nanoprecipitation

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