Coconut Oil Plasticizer as a Replacement of Petroleum Oil in Natural Rubber Compound: Physical and Mechanical Properties

Othman, Fazzami; Ismail, Nismahasyirah Alang

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3434-8_18

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The reaction was conducted for 36 h at room temperature and quenched by adding ethyl vinyl ether. The same process was repeated with varied molar ratios (25,17,4, and 2 equiv) of caryophyllene to CTA. Pcar was dissolved in chloroform, filtered over celite, and then dried under vacuum to constant weight 9.28 g (around 93% yield).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are rich in fatty chains, which in turn can blend and interpose between polymer chains leading to the increase of intermolecular spacing and enhancing the mobility. Pure vegetable oils and their derivatives have been extensively used in rubbers to reduce T g , increase the free volume of polymers, and improve processing properties of rubber compounds. − However, a modification step of the reactive sites is commonly required to increase the compatibility of vegetable oils with polymers. , On the other hand, citrate esters from citric acid, such as Citrofol BII Eco and Citrofol BI Eco, succinic acid-like Biosuccinium, starches, and cellulose derivatives, have also been employed as biobased plasticizers without any prior modification process. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Polycaryophyllene as a Promising Plasticizer for Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Elastomers

Medeiros

Coz

Cramail

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work focused on the synthesis of polycaryophyllene (Pcar) with controlled molar mass through ring-opening metathesis polymerization of caryophyllene in the presence of styrene as a nonpolar chain transfer agent (CTA). The CTA easily allowed for tuning the molar mass of resulting Pcar from a molar mass of 2 × 104 g mol–1 in the absence of CTA to molar masses ranging between 9 × 102 g mol–1 and 6.5 × 103 depending on the molar ratio of monomer to CTA. As expected, the molar mass decrease affected the glass transition temperature (T g) of styrene end-capped Pcar varying from −36 °C to a range between −40 and −65 °C. The Pcar with a low molar mass (Pcar@Sty#02) emerges as a promising biobased plasticizer candidate for the ethylene propylene diene monomer elastomer (EPDM) because it decreases EPDM T g from −46 to −54 °C. The vulcanized plasticized EPDM with Pcar@Sty#02 showed improved flexibility compared to the one plasticized with the petroleum-based plasticizer or nonplasticized EPDM.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycaryophyllene as a Promising Plasticizer for Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Elastomers

Medeiros

Coz

Cramail

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Evaluation of rubber matrix composites reinforced with recycled industrial waste

Mahdi¹,

Abd-Ali²

2023

AIP Conference Proceedings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exploring the Impact of Bio-Based Plasticizers on the Curing Behavior and Material Properties of a Simplified Tire-Tread Compound

van Elburg,

Grunert,

Aurisicchio

et al. 2024

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The tire industry needs to become more sustainable to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Replacing fossil ingredients in a tire-tread compound with bio-based alternatives is an approach to create a more sustainable product. For instance, the plasticizer can be replaced, which is a petroleum-based ingredient used in relatively high amounts in the rubber. This approach was followed in the current study. Three plant-based plasticizers were selected as potential substitutes for treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) in a simplified tire-tread compound formulation, namely, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and cardanol. Additionally, squalane was used as a TDAE replacement to further investigate the possible interactions between plasticizers and other compound ingredients. Squalane (C30H62) is a fully saturated substance, containing six methyl groups but no additional chemical functional groups. Therefore, it was expected that squalane would result in limited interactions within the studied system. All alternatives to TDAE showed an increased cure rate and decreased scorch time, except squalane. This indicates that the three bio-based plasticizers might interact with the vulcanization system. For example, they could function as an additional coactivator of the curing system and/or shield the silica surface. A severe decrease in maximum torque and an increase in elongation at break were obtained for cardanol and sunflower oil. Both plasticizers also resulted in lower crosslink densities compared to the other compounds. A model study with the bio-plasticizers and sulfur verified that the unsaturation in the cardanol and sunflower oil reacted with the crosslinking agent. This leads to less sulfur available for the curing reaction, explaining the low maximum torque. The tan δ curves showed that all replacements resulted in a decrease in the glass transition temperature of the compound. Although all oil alternatives displayed promising results, none of them are suitable as a direct substitute for TDAE in a tire-tread compound due to its ability to interact additionally with other rubber ingredients and contribute in this form to the reinforcement of the compound.

show abstract

Coconut Oil Plasticizer as a Replacement of Petroleum Oil in Natural Rubber Compound: Physical and Mechanical Properties

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Polycaryophyllene as a Promising Plasticizer for Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Elastomers

Polycaryophyllene as a Promising Plasticizer for Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Elastomers

Evaluation of rubber matrix composites reinforced with recycled industrial waste

Exploring the Impact of Bio-Based Plasticizers on the Curing Behavior and Material Properties of a Simplified Tire-Tread Compound

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About