Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and analysis of recent developments

Wessel, M.G.J. van; Quist-Wessel, P.M.F.

doi:10.1016/j.njas.2015.09.001

Cited by 240 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(16 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

153

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The average size of the small cocoa farms is around one to four hectares (Barrrientos 2016;Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015). Despite a majority of the world's cocoa being grown in West Africa, it has recently expanded to other countries where different growing methods are used.…”

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In India, for instance, cocoa is grown on a mix of small and large-scale farms, and in Indonesia it is mostly grown on large-scale farms using monoculture techniques (Barrrientos 2016). While it is easy to link large-scale agri-businesses to deforestation practices, there are also several reasons for small farmers to increase pressures on forests as well, such as expanding cultivation sites into new areas due to rising world demand, older cocoa trees becoming less productive, and new government-led initiatives in several West African countries to increase production (Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015).…”

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While fertilizer use often leads to impressive increases in cocoa yields, small farmers are often reluctant to use them. Wessel and Quist-Wessel (2015) document that fertilizer is shown to increase cocoa yields by as much as 50 percent in 5-year trials in Ghana, however, they have little effect on the yields during the first two years of use and are expensive. Thus, it is hard for poor farmers to invest in a solution that does not produce timely results (Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015).…”

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Creating two analyses across two different time periods of a narrower time window lessens these limitations, but still adds the time dimension needed to examine if the pressures on forests from cocoa production are more applicable in recent years, as current reports suggests (e.g. Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015).…”

Section: H1: Current Specialization In Cocoa Exports Leads To Deforesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bloomberg 2014;Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015;World Resources Institute 2015). Certainly, more case study and qualitative research is needed to fully parcel out these mechanisms and how strategies in cultivating or establishing cocoa plantations have changed in recent years, which present a potential avenue for future research.…”

Section: Cocoa Exports and Deforestation From 2009 To 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

Noble

2017

JWSR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cocoa Production Todaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: H1: Current Specialization In Cocoa Exports Leads To Deforesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cocoa Exports and Deforestation From 2009 To 2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

Noble

2017

JWSR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

A multi‐country study on consumers' valuation for child‐labor‐free chocolate: Implications for child labor in cocoa production

Luckstead

Snell²,

Nalley³

et al. 2021

Applied Eco Perspectives Pol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Child labor is a preeminent issue of our time. Using a discrete choice experiment, we surveyed consumers in Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to assess their willingness to pay (WTP) for chocolate labeled as “child‐labor‐free” based on two levels of child labor and two information sets (short and long). Our results indicate that when respondents are shown a definition clarifying the meaning of the child‐labor‐free logo, their WTP in all countries exceeds the 2.81% price premium farmers need to eliminate hazardous forms of child labor. Important implications for child labor in cocoa production are discussed. JEL CLASSIFICATION C25, J28, J43, J80, Q18

show abstract

Do Sustainability Standards Benefit Smallholder Farmers Also When Accounting For Cooperative Effects? Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire

Sellare¹,

Meemken²,

Kouamé³

et al. 2020

American J Agri Economics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although many studies analyzed effects of sustainability standards—such as Fairtrade or Rainforest Alliance—on smallholder farmers in developing countries, most did not sufficiently account for systematic differences between certified and noncertified farmers. Certified farmers are typically organized in cooperatives. When sampling only from a small number of cooperatives, as previous studies did, it is not easy to disentangle certification effects from possible cooperative effects. Here, we address this shortcoming by randomly sampling from a large number of cooperatives, thus better capturing existing institutional heterogeneity. In particular, we collect and use data from cocoa farmers in Côte d'Ivoire who are organized in Fairtrade‐certified and noncertified cooperatives. Regression models with instrumental variables show that Fairtrade has positive and significant effects on cocoa yields, prices, and living standards. These effects remain significant also after controlling for cooperative characteristics, but the magnitude of the estimates changes. We draw two conclusions. First, in Côte d'Ivoire, Fairtrade certification benefits farmers economically. Second, and more generally, cooperative characteristics are jointly correlated with certification and relevant outcomes, which needs to be accounted for to avoid bias when evaluating the benefits of sustainability standards in the small farm sector.

show abstract

Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and analysis of recent developments

Cited by 240 publications

References 13 publications

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

A multi‐country study on consumers' valuation for child‐labor‐free chocolate: Implications for child labor in cocoa production

Do Sustainability Standards Benefit Smallholder Farmers Also When Accounting For Cooperative Effects? Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About