Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

Noble, Mark

doi:10.5195/jwsr.2017.731

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Pioneered by Bunker (1984), this area of sociological inquiry theorizes the unequal material flows structured by trade and the corresponding movement of ecological footprints of economically strong regions to economically weaker ones (Gellert et al, 2017;Foster & Holleman, 2014) Cocoa exports (Noble, 2017) Coffee trade (Austin, 2017) Deforestation (Jorgenson, Austin, & Dick, 2009)…”

Section: Unequal Ecological Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for unintended consequences of resource policy: Connecting research that addresses displacement of environmental impacts

Lewison

Johnson²,

Pelc

et al. 2019

CONSERVATION LETTERS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Natural resource policies enacted to protect environmental integrity play an important role in promoting sustainability. However, when resources are shared ecologically, economically, or through a common, global interest, policies implemented to protect resource sustainability in one domain can displace, and in some cases magnify, environmental degradation to other domains. Although such displacement has been recognized as a fundamental challenge to environmental and conservation policy within some resource sectors, there has been little cross‐disciplinary and cross‐sectoral integration to address the problem. This suggests that siloed knowledge may be impeding widespread recognition of the ubiquity of displacement and the need for mitigation. Here, we connect research across multiple disciplines to promote a broader discussion and recognition of the processes and pathways that can lead to displaced impacts that countermand or undermine resource policy and outline a number of approaches that can mitigate displacement.

show abstract

Section: Unequal Ecological Exchangementioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for unintended consequences of resource policy: Connecting research that addresses displacement of environmental impacts

Lewison

Johnson²,

Pelc

et al. 2019

CONSERVATION LETTERS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Later, studies improve on this early research in multiple ways: examining the effect of the vertical flow of exports of particular commodities or from certain economic sectors, utilizing longitudinal methods that are able to detect increasingly ecologically unequal relationships through time, and focusing on how local contexts can facilitate global EUE relationships (Austin, , ; Jorgenson, , ; Jorgenson et al, ; Shandra, Leckband, & London, ). For example, Noble () finds that a greater concentration of cocoa exports is associated with more intense deforestation after 2009, suggesting that while traditional cultivation did not drive deforestation, recent increases in the demands for chocolate from the Global North have pressured growers to adopt more expansive and less sustainable cultivation methods. Another example comes from research on the effects of mining exports on deforestation; Sommer, Shandra, and Coburn () find politically repressive regimes in the Global South exacerbate the EUE process.…”

Section: The Globally Unequal Distribution Of Environmental Harmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental injustice

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this article, we review the theory of ecologically unequal exchange and its relevance for global environmental injustice. According to this theory, global political–economic factors, especially the structure of international trade, shape the unequal distribution of environmental harms and human development; wealthier and more powerful Global North nations have disproportionate access to both natural resources and sink capacity for waste in Global South nations. We discuss how the theory has roots in multiple perspectives on development, world‐systems analysis, environmental sociology, and ecological economics. We detail research that tests hypotheses derived from ecological unequal exchange theory on several environmental harms, including deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, and water pollution as well as related human well‐being outcomes. We also discuss research on social forces that counter the harmful impacts of ecologically unequal exchange, including institutions, organizations, and environmental justice movements. We suggest that ecologically unequal exchange theory provides an important global political–economic approach for research in environmental sociology and other environmental social sciences as well as for sustainability studies more broadly.

show abstract

“…Environmental problems have continued to plague the Ivorian cocoa sector since 2014, particularly ongoing deforestation, especially in protected forests, decreasing biodiversity and increasing soil degradation (Bitty et al 2016, Higonet et al 2017, Ruf and Varlet 2017, Kroeger et al 2017, Noble 2017). …”

Section: Environmental Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards sustainable cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire : The impacts and contribution of UTZ certification combined with services provided by companies

Ingram¹,

Rijn²,

Waarts³

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The impacts and contribution of UTZ certification combined with services provided by companies 2 | Wageningen Economic Research Report Ingram, V., van Rijn, F., Waarts, Y., Dekkers, M., de Vos, B., Koster, T., Tanoh R., Galo A. 2017 The user may reproduce, distribute and share this work and make derivative works from it. Material by third parties which is used in the work and which are subject to intellectual property rights may not be used without prior permission from the relevant third party. The user must attribute the work by stating the name indicated by the author or licensor but may not do this in such a way as to create the impression that the author/licensor endorses the use of the work or the work of the user. The user may not use the work for commercial purposes.Wageningen Economic Research accepts no liability for any damage resulting from the use of the results of this study or the application of the advice contained in it. List of tables and figures We are indebted particularly to farmers, cooperatives, companies and partners for their collaboration. We thank our research partner ALP for their hard work, and we gratefully acknowledge the assistance, collaboration and constructive feedback from UTZ and IDH staff in Côte d'Ivoire and the Netherlands.We sincerely hope that this report provides a relevant reference for UTZ, IDH UTZ certification alone has not led to impacts such as improving farmers' livelihoods beyond poverty levels and assuring social risk-free cocoa. One reason is that productivity and income increases are levelling off, with results suggesting that a ceiling has been reached as productivity increases for UTZ farmer plateauing while non-UTZ farmers are catching up to the levels experienced by UTZ farmers.Confirming the theory of change, pathways to impacts were largely as foreseen: well-functioning cooperatives formed a vehicle to certification, providing packages of services to members. Training and adherence to the UTZ Code of Conduct generally is associated with better crops, incomes and environmental outcomes and knowledge is applied in practice. There were also unanticipated outcomes at producer and company level and the professionalisation of farmers and cooperatives; increased intensity and broader range of services alongside certification and increased farmer satisfaction with cooperatives. There appear to be positive spill-over effects as non-UTZ farmers come into contact with certified farmers, learn and adopt similar techniques to generate higher productivity and cocoa-related income.Certification has functioned as a vehicle to which services have been attached, enabling an increased intensity and broader package of services to be provided.Recommendations:Focus on topics that matter most: target interventions to match farmers' 1.demographic, economic and farm characteristics, with tailored mixes of service packages that focus on farmers' specific needs and the most problematic practices relating to child labour, input use, shade trees and waste management.Identif...

show abstract

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 36 publications

References 22 publications

Accounting for unintended consequences of resource policy: Connecting research that addresses displacement of environmental impacts

Accounting for unintended consequences of resource policy: Connecting research that addresses displacement of environmental impacts

Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental injustice

Towards sustainable cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire : The impacts and contribution of UTZ certification combined with services provided by companies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About