Cocaine Abuse and Violent Death

Budd, Robert D.

doi:10.3109/00952998908992798

Cited by 62 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Cocaine-associated deaths in Los Angeles County numbered 1 in 1974 and 1160 in 1988, most being violent deaths (Budd, 1989) and drug abuse has become the focus of concern about violent crime in American cities (Epstein, 1989). MacGregor (1990) places this concern within a social context in the USA, pointing out that drugs have had their impact in inner-city areas with mainly black populations.…”

Section: (Ii) Crime and Ethnic Origin In The Usamentioning

confidence: 98%

Crime, Culture and Ethnicity

Maden¹

1993

International Review of Psychiatry

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Links between ethnicity and crime are part of the wider field of cultural influences on crime. Despite a dubious past and associations with the eugenicist movement, it remains important, partly to enable ethnic monitoring of the criminal justice system. There are many methodological problems, including the d t f f ulty of measuring ethnicity, a euphemism for skin colour in some studies. Such a crudely measured variable may produce spurious associations, due to less obvious, confounding variables. Offending rates differ between ethnic groups and cannot be explained by discrimination in the criminal justice system. DiLferences between cultures are both qualitative and quantitative; they change rapidly over time, favouring cultural or economic explanations. Crude statistical associations are merely the starting point for study and the challenge is to identify the mediating variables. For black-white d$erences in the United States and Britain, discrimination, unemployment and poverty are important but other factors may be more difJicult to identify. Black patients are statistically over-represented in most populations of mentally disordered offenders. Existing studies do not confirm a tendency to discriminate against black patients by detaining them unnecessarily and black people may also be overrepresented among mentally disordered prisoners. Monitoring the ethnic origin of referrals and admissions to secure psychiatric facilities should be a basic part of clinical audit. Int Rev Psychiatry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Washington University Library on 12/26/14 For personal use only. London: the PSI reporr (London, Policy Studies Institute).

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Section: (Ii) Crime and Ethnic Origin In The Usamentioning

confidence: 98%

Crime, Culture and Ethnicity

Maden¹

1993

International Review of Psychiatry

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“…Two cross-sectional studies obtained similar results: Budd evaluated the first 114 deaths testing positive for plasma levels of cocaine in the city of Los Angeles in 1988. 38 The author reported that, of the 50 individuals (43.8%) who were homicide victims, 32 (26.3%) were killed with a firearm, 18 (15.8%) were killed with another type of weapon, and 2 (1.7%) were strangled. In another cross-sectional study, Marzuk et al compiled all the deaths due to external causes in New York City from 1990 to 1992, evaluating a total of 14,843 deaths.…”

Section: Homicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of death among crack cocaine users

Ribeiro

Dunn

Sesso

et al. 2006

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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A b s t r a c t Objective: The study accompanied 131 crack-cocaine users over a 5-year period, and examined mortality patterns, as well as the causes of death among them. Method: All patients admitted to a detoxification unit in Sao Paulo between 1992 and 1994 were interviewed during two follow-up periods: 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. Results: After 5 years, 124 patients were localized (95%). By the study endpoint (1999), 23 patients (17.6%) had died. Homicide was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 13). Almost one third of the deaths were due to the HIV infection, especially among those with a history of intravenous drug use. Less than 10% died from overdose. Conclusions: The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, being homicide and AIDS the most common causes of death among such individuals.Keywords: Crack cocaine; Longitudinal studies; Mortality rate; Cause of death; Substance related disorders Resumo Objetivo: O estudo acompanhou, por cinco anos, um grupo de 131 usuários de crack e observou os padrões de mortalidade, bem como as causas mortis entre esses. Método: Todos os pacientes que se internaram em um serviço de desintoxicação, localizado no município de São Paulo, entre 1992-1994 foram entrevistados em duas ocasiões: 1995-1996 e 1998-1999. Resultados: Após cinco anos, 124 pacientes foram localizados (95%). Vinte e três pacientes (17,6%) haviam morrido ao final do quinto ano de seguimento, sendo os homicídios a causa mortis mais prevalente (n = 13). Quase um terço dos pacientes morreu devido à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV), especialmente aqueles com antecedentes pessoais de uso de drogas endovenosas. Menos de 10% dos pacientes morreu de overdose. Conclusões: O estudo sugere que os usuários de crack têm maior risco de morte do que a população geral, sendo os homicídios e a AIDS as causas mais observadas.Descritores: Cocaína crack; Estudos longitudinais; Coeficiente de mortalidade; Causa da morte; Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias

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“…The connections are particularly clear between acute heroin intake and sudden overdose death (World Health Organization [WHO], 1998), and between cocaine use and violent deaths (Budd, 1989;Bernstein et al 2007). The relationship linking heroin and cocaine with other causes and manners of death is less clear, and the same can be said about other actual internationally regulated drugs such as methadone, amphetamines, and cannabis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Causes and Manners of Death Among Users of Heroin, Methadone, Amphetamine, and Cannabis in Relation to Postmortem Chemical Tests for Illegal Drugs

Eksborg

Rajs

2008

Substance Use & Misuse

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A 12-year medicolegal investigation of deceased illegal drug users (ILDU) in Stockholm, Sweden, classified on the basis of postmortem chemical tests, showed noticeable variations in causes and manners of death as well as in the distribution of suicide methods. This study offers objective information about connection between the postmortem findings of illegal drugs and the causes and manners of death of their users. However, further studies, comparing prevalence of drug use in general population and at the postmortem tests, are needed for more detailed elucidation of this connection.

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Cocaine Abuse and Violent Death

Cited by 62 publications

References 7 publications

Crime, Culture and Ethnicity

Crime, Culture and Ethnicity

Causes of death among crack cocaine users

Causes and Manners of Death Among Users of Heroin, Methadone, Amphetamine, and Cannabis in Relation to Postmortem Chemical Tests for Illegal Drugs

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