Cobalt Criticality and Availability in the Wake of Increased Electric Vehicle Demand: A Short-Term Scenario Analysis

Beatty, Danielle; Fu, Xinkai; Bustamante, Michele L.; Gaustad, Gabrielle; Babbitt, Callie W.; Kirchain, Randolph; Roth, Richard; Olivetti, Elsa

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10386-6_42

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Ante-mortem material analysis ( Table 3) showed, that the trend is clearly towards Ni-rich systems (Ni-rich NCM and NCA) for the cathode. This approach is beneficial in terms of cost and sourcing of materials, as cobalt is costly, originating from fewer countries and is known as being critically in terms of mining conditions [16]. Weak conductivity in this high-energy material is reduced by adding both CB and small amounts of VGCF (as it is much more expensive than CB).…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ante-mortem analysis, electrical, thermal, and ageing testing of state-of-the-art cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Popp

Zhang

Jahn

et al. 2020

Elektrotech. Inftech.

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Thanks to its exceptional performance in terms of high energy and power density as well as long lifespan, the lithium-ion secondary battery is the most relevant electrochemical energy storage technology to meet the requirements for partial or full electrification of vehicles (plug-in hybrids or pure electric vehicles), and thanks to decreasing cost and ongoing technical improvements, it will maintain this role in the near to mid-term future. This study benchmarks eight different (five 21700 and three 18650 format) high-energy cylindrical cells concerning their suitability for automotive applications and aims to give a holistic overview and comparison between them. Therefore, an ante-mortem material analysis, a benchmark of electrical and thermal values as well as a cycle life study were carried out. The results show that even when applying similar concepts like Nickel-rich cathodes with graphite-based anodes, the cells show wide variations in their performance under the same test conditions.

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ante-mortem analysis, electrical, thermal, and ageing testing of state-of-the-art cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Popp

Zhang

Jahn

et al. 2020

Elektrotech. Inftech.

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“…Given the growing importance of cobalt to the US economy, as well as its increasing criticality (Beatty et al 2019 ), the USA must, and likely will, be proactive and decisive, in order to pursue intelligent long-term strategies and manage world politics to improve their position (Cable 1995 ; Kane 2006 ). In essence, the ideal for US supply security would be that it controlled the entire supply chain from extraction to manufacture.…”

Section: The Case For Deep-seabed Mining Of Pmn Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Worldwide primary production of cobalt was 123 kilotons (kt) in 2019, an overall decrease from the 144 kt in 2015 (Brown et al 2021 ). Whilst production levels of cobalt appear to be relatively stable, its use in ever-more prevalent electric vehicles (EVs) and electronic equipment more generally is causing increases in the criticality of cobalt (Beatty et al 2019 ). Optimistic projections of global cobalt supply forecast a minimum annual deficit of 24,000 kt by 2030, potentially rising to as high as 342 kt in more pessimistic scenarios (Alves Dias et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introduction and Global Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the feasibility of deep-seabed mining of polymetallic nodules in the Area of seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as a method of alleviating supply-side issues for cobalt to US markets

Cunningham

2022

Miner Econ

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The growing importance of cobalt to the US economy has led to its categorisation as a critical mineral. Cobalt demand is increasing due to its requirement in lithium-ion batteries, which will significantly contribute to the energy transition. Supply is threatened for various reasons, primarily regarding supply chain concentrations, with the majority of the world’s cobalt originating in terrestrial deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and being refined in China. There remain environmental and ethical concerns over the present supply chain. Previous discussions around reducing cobalt’s criticality have suggested diversifying processing locations to reduce geographical and jurisdictional reliance where possible. This study assesses the viability of extracting cobalt from polymetallic nodules (PMNs) located on the deep-seabed in the Area, as an alternative strategy to reduce cobalt’s criticality. Assessments are made of the viability of PMN extraction considering ongoing barriers to introduction, contrasted with current arguments supporting PMN extraction. PMN mining offers a more stable and decentralised alternative to current cobalt supply. There exist impediments to its introduction, notably potential environmental impacts, which remain poorly understood. Technical and political restrictions must also be overcome. It is argued that the wider environmental benefits of increased cobalt supply from PMN mining may offset its detrimental environmental impacts. It is suggested that PMN mining be used in a wider strategy to improve supply security of cobalt to US markets.

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“…Cobalt has also been known to be essential for storage batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries), which have a high demand in electric vehicles [1][2][3][4]. Cobalt and cobalt-based alloys (i.e., Pt-Co) are used as catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells due to their high activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and high selectivity towards hydrogen in ethanol steam reforming (for hydrogen production) [4][5][6][7][8]. In these important applications, although cobalt-based materials can be obtained by several physical and chemical methods (i.e., vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, impregnation method [8][9][10][11]…), electrodeposition has emerged as a traditional, direct, selective, and cost-effective one, which renders better way to control of size, morphology, and metallic load of the deposit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt Nanostructures Electrochemical Nucleation from a Type-Iv Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Cocl2·6h2o and Ethylene Glycol

Manh

Thủy

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cobalt Criticality and Availability in the Wake of Increased Electric Vehicle Demand: A Short-Term Scenario Analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Ante-mortem analysis, electrical, thermal, and ageing testing of state-of-the-art cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Ante-mortem analysis, electrical, thermal, and ageing testing of state-of-the-art cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Assessing the feasibility of deep-seabed mining of polymetallic nodules in the Area of seabed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, as a method of alleviating supply-side issues for cobalt to US markets

Cobalt Nanostructures Electrochemical Nucleation from a Type-Iv Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Cocl2·6h2o and Ethylene Glycol

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