Cobalt‐containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis

Julander, Anneli; Hindsén, Monica; Skare, Lizbet; Lidén, Carola

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01497.x

Cited by 71 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The release of cobalt varied significantly from different materials. The highest amount released from the hard metal alloys was 290 µg cobalt/cm 2 /week (170). Furthermore, Julander et al studied cobalt skin deposition in 24 workers from a plant producing gas turbines and space propulsion components (133).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

Contact Dermatitis

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Over the 20th century, the frequent use of nickel in consumer products resulted in an increasing prevalence of nickel allergy. Risk items included suspenders in the 1950s-1960s; buttons, zippers and rivets in the 1970s; and ear-piercing jewellery in the 1980s. When subjects allergic to nickel were exposed to nickel in high concentrations, it often resulted in allergic nickel contact dermatitis and hand eczema. In 1990, the Danish government began to regulate consumer nickel exposure as a response to the increasing nickel allergy problem. In 1994, the EU Nickel Directive was passed, a regulation that was based on the Danish and Swedish nickel regulations. These major public health interventions were expected to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy and dermatitis in Europe. Furthermore, it was debated whether nickel would be replaced by cobalt in inexpensive jewellery and result in higher prevalence of cobalt allergy. An evaluation of the possible effects of the European nickel regulations is of importance to ensure protection of consumers and dermatitis patients. This doctoral thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of regulatory interventions on nickel exposure by investigating the development of nickel allergy and dermatitis before and after nickel regulation. Furthermore, a change in the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema was evaluated. The nickel spot test was validated to determine its value when used for screening purposes. Possible explanations for the persistence of nickel allergy were explored including genetic predisposition and consumer nickel exposure from jewellery and accessories. A cobalt spot test was developed and validated. Finally, it was evaluated whether a cobalt allergy epidemic had replaced the nickel allergy epidemic after nickel regulation in terms of increasing cobalt sensitization and cobalt exposure. The thesis showed that the prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly after nickel regulation in young Danish women from the general population (18-35 years) and in young Danish female dermatitis patients from a university patch test clinic (0-30 years). Stratification by ear-piercing status revealed that women ear pierced before 1990 had a significantly higher prevalence of nickel allergy and dermatitis than women ear pierced after 1990. Furthermore, the association between hand eczema and nickel allergy decreased in young women aged 18-35 years when a comparison was made between women who were patch tested and questioned in, respectively, 1990 and 2006. Despite the decreasing prevalence of nickel allergy, this condition remains prevalent in young Danish women, as about 10% are nickel allergic. Genetic predisposition to nickel allergy was evaluated by investigating the possible association between filaggrin null mutation status and nickel allergy. A positive association was found but it was also concluded that environmental nickel exposure is of much greater importance. Thus, of 354 consumer items purchased from 36 different stores in Copenhagen, 22% released ni...

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confidence: 99%

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

Contact Dermatitis

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“…It is well-known that release of metal ions from metal surfaces (alloys or platings) is not directly related to the metal content (5,12,13). We know that human sweat influences the release of nickel metal ions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nickel Exposure When Working Out in the Gym

Gumulka¹,

Matura²,

Lidén³

et al. 2015

Acta Derm Venerol

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“…Two ALF compositional differences reported in the literature include either the use of glycine (Thelohan and Demeringo, 1994) or an equivalent mass of glycerol (Stopford et al, 2003), herein described as glycine-ALF and glycerol-ALF, respectively. Surrogate sweat (pH 6.4–6.6) that was used was prepared according to the EN 1811 standardized test, which is commonly used for allergenic response from nickel, chromium, cobalt and other metals in alloys (Bocca et al, 2007; EN, 2009; Julander et al, 2009; Midander et al, 2007b). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral bioaccessibility tests are the most frequently investigated with the test methodology ranging from a static gastric compartment (Drexler and Brattin, 2007; EN, 2002; Stopford et al, 2003; U.S.EPA, 2007) to dynamic gastrointestinal models (Garcia et al, 2001; Juhasz et al, 2009; Rodriguez and Basta, 1999; Ruby et al, 1996; Velasco-Reynold et al, 2008). While multiple gastric methods persist, alloy dermal biofluid studies have generally used the EN 1811 reference method for allergenic responses via skin contact (Bocca et al, 2007; Flint, 1998; Julander et al, 2009; Midander et al, 2007b). However, far fewer studies have applied in vitro bioaccessibility tests to lung (Herting et al, 2008b; Midander et al, 2007b; Stopford et al, 2003; Thelohan and Demeringo, 1994; Twining et al, 2005; Vitarella et al, 2000) or internal implantation (Herting et al, 2008a; Stopford et al, 2003) biofluids to assess inhalation exposure to alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccessibility of metals in alloys: Evaluation of three surrogate biofluids

Hillwalker

Anderson

2014

Environmental Pollution

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Bioaccessibility in vitro tests measure the solubility of materials in surrogate biofluids. However, the lack of uniform methods and the effects of variable test parameters on material solubility limit interpretation. One aim of this study was to measure and compare bioaccessibility of selected economically important alloys and metals in surrogate physiologically based biofluids representing oral, inhalation and dermal exposures. A second aim was to experimentally test different biofluid formulations and residence times in vitro. A third aim was evaluation of dissolution behavior of alloys with in vitro lung and dermal biofluid surrogates. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of sixteen elements in six alloys and 3 elemental/metal powders. We found that the alloys/metals, the chemical properties of the surrogate fluid, and residence time all had major impacts on metal solubility. The large variability of bioaccessibility indicates the relevancy of assessing alloys as toxicologically distinct relative to individual metals.

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Cobalt‐containing alloys and their ability to release cobalt and cause dermatitis

Cited by 71 publications

References 16 publications

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Nickel Exposure When Working Out in the Gym

Bioaccessibility of metals in alloys: Evaluation of three surrogate biofluids

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