Coarctation of the stapedial artery: An unusual adaptive response to competing functional demands in the middle ear of some eutherians

Diamond, Michael K.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1052000109

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Calcification of soft tissues within the middle ear cavity could contribute in various ways to the conductive hearing loss of Enpp1 asj/asj mice. The stapedial artery is an embryonic artery that disappears at the early embryo stage in humans but is conserved in mice through adult ages [38]. We observed a thickened stapedial artery wall in Enpp1 asj mutant mice, which is likely due to calcification as has been observed in other soft tissues.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Ectopic Mineralization and Conductive Hearing Loss in Enpp1asj Mutant Mice, a New Model for Otitis Media and Tympanosclerosis

2016

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Otitis media (OM), inflammation of the middle ear, is a common cause of hearing loss in children and in patients with many different syndromic diseases. Studies of the human population and mouse models have revealed that OM is a multifactorial disease with many environmental and genetic contributing factors. Here, we report on otitis media-related hearing loss in asj (ages with stiffened joints) mutant mice, which bear a point mutation in the Enpp1 gene. Auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) measurements revealed that around 90% of the mutant mice (Enpp1asj/asj) tested had moderate to severe hearing impairment in at least one ear. The ABR thresholds were variable and generally elevated with age. We found otitis media with effusion (OME) in all of the hearing-impaired Enpp1asj/asj mice by anatomic and histological examinations. The volume and inflammatory cell content of the effusion varied among the asj mutant mice, but all mutants exhibited a thickened middle ear epithelium with fibrous polyps and more mucin-secreting goblet cells than controls. Other abnormalities observed in the Enpp1 mutant mice include over-ossification at the round window ridge, thickened and over-calcified stapedial artery, fusion of malleus and incus, and white patches on the inside of tympanic membrane, some of which are typical symptoms of tympanosclerosis. An excessive yellow discharge was detected in the outer ear canal of older asj mutant mice, with 100% penetrance by 5 months of age, and contributes to the progressive nature of the hearing loss. This is the first report of hearing loss and ear pathology associated with an Enpp1 mutation in mice. The Enpp1asj mutant mouse provides a new animal model for studying tympanosclerotic otitis and otitis media with effusion, and also provides a specific model for the hearing loss recently reported to be associated with human ENPP1 mutations causing generalized arterial calcification of infancy and hypophosphatemic rickets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Ectopic Mineralization and Conductive Hearing Loss in Enpp1asj Mutant Mice, a New Model for Otitis Media and Tympanosclerosis

2016

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“…Later, these branches anastomose to form a branch of the hyoid artery extending caudally, and the root of mandibular artery disappears. While the stapedial artery is a temporary artery and is said to disappear at the late embryonic stage in humans (Padget, 1948), rabbit (Fuchs, 1905) and porcupine (Struthers, 1930), it persists in the adult mouse (Bugge, 1970; Diamond, 1989), as it does in the rat (Tandler, 1902), hyrax (Lindahl & Lundberg, 1946) and chicken (Hughes, 1934; Hiruma & Hirakow, 1995). In some adult mammals, such as the platypus (Tandler, 1902), tree squirrel (Greene, 1935), hedgehog (Michel & Rothkegel, 1960) and golden hamster (Bugge, 1970), it is said that the stapedial artery persists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of pharyngeal arch arteries in early mouse embryo

2002

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The formation and transformation of the pharyngeal arch arteries in the mouse embryo, from 8.5 to 13 days of gestation (DG), was observed using scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts and graphic reconstruction of 1-µm serial epoxy-resin sections. Late in 8.5-9DG (12 somites), the paired ventral aortae were connected to the dorsal aortae via a loop anterior to the foregut which we call the 'primitive aortic arch', as in the chick embryo.The primitive aortic arch extended cranio-caudally to be transformed into the primitive internal carotid artery, which in turn gave rise to the primitive maxillary artery and the arteries supplying the brain. The second pharyngeal arch artery (PAA) appeared late in 9-9.5DG (16 -17 somites), and the ventral aorta bent dorsolaterally to form the first PAA anterior to the first pharyngeal pouch by early in 9.5-10DG (21-23 somites). The third PAA appeared early in 9.5-10DG (21-23 somites), the fourth late in 9.5-10DG (27-29 somites), and the sixth at 10DG (31-34 somites).By 10.5DG (35-39 somites), the first and second PAAs had been transformed into other arteries, and the third, fourth and sixth PAAs had developed well, though the PAA system still exhibited bilateral symmetry. By 13DG, the right sixth PAA had disappeared, and the remaining PAAs formed an aortic-arch system that was almost of the adult type.

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“…This suggests that the stapes is a convenient gate for the passage of the stapedial artery, minimizing the problem of free arterial blood flow. In 1989, Diamond noticed coarctation in rats and the potential impact of low-frequency vibrations produced by the blood flow on the inner diameter of the stapes (Diamond, 1989). There were no anastomoses connecting the system of the stapedial artery and the internal carotid artery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Stapedial Artery in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Kuchinka

2018

The Anatomical Record

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The persistent stapedial artery is a component of the main arterial roads of the head in some animal groups (Frąckowiak: Roczn Akad Roln Poznań 336 (2003) 1-81). This type of vascularization occurs in the Mongolian gerbil, among others. The stapedial artery is common in a variety of forms in rodents. It has been described, for example, in Sciuridae, Muridae, Heteromyidae, Geomyidae, Splacidae, Cricetidae, Arvicolinae, and in genus Jaculus (Cox and Hautier: Evolution of the Rodents: Advances in phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development, 2015). The aim of this study was the analysis of morphology, and of course, of the stapedial artery in this species. Investigations were performed on 10 animals of both sexes, weighing 50-60 g. After lethal anesthesia, the vascular system of every animal was filled with colored latex. After latex coagulation and decalcification of skull bones, fixed tissues were delicately prepared, and the head vascular system was exposed. The stapedial artery separates from the internal carotid artery, runs toward the auditory bulb and passes through the stapes. After the branching of the medial meningeal artery, the stapedial artery runs rostrally, forming its infraorbital branch. This branch, in the further course, gives the branch forming the short trunk of the ophthalmic artery, which supplies orbital structures (muscles, lacrimal gland, Harderian gland, and eyeball). The performed investigations revealed that the maintained infraorbital branch of the stapedial artery is the only source of arterial supply of the orbit in this species. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Coarctation of the stapedial artery: An unusual adaptive response to competing functional demands in the middle ear of some eutherians

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Ectopic Mineralization and Conductive Hearing Loss in Enpp1asj Mutant Mice, a New Model for Otitis Media and Tympanosclerosis

Ectopic Mineralization and Conductive Hearing Loss in Enpp1asj Mutant Mice, a New Model for Otitis Media and Tympanosclerosis

Development of pharyngeal arch arteries in early mouse embryo

The Stapedial Artery in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

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