Coal Fly Ash–Clay Based Geopolymer-Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD): Leaching Behavior and Geochemical Modeling

Cifrián, Eva; Dacuba, Juan; Llano, Tamara; Díaz‐Fernández, M. Carmen; Andrés, A.

doi:10.3390/app11020810

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…As can be seen from the above numbers, BF-BOF dust represents a significantly higher contribution (2-4 times) to the quantity of steel dust compared to EAF dust. Due to the chemical nature of these dusts, they are regarded as hazardous and must be chemically / thermally treated prior to disposing in landfills, which is expensive [41]. Alternative methods for (economically) processing these BOF dusts are therefore important areas of research.…”

Section: Quantifying Production Of Waste From Galvanised Steel Produc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, there needs to be increased focus on producing "quality" waste which would be better suited for further processing [42]. Currently the economic threshold for the recycling of EAF dust is determined by the zinc content being higher than 15% [41,42]. EAF dusts containing less than this threshold of zinc are currently sent to landfill, which in the EU reportedly makes up two thirds of their EAF dust production [41].…”

Section: Quantifying Production Of Waste From Galvanised Steel Produc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of recycled galvanised steel as a resource for Zn production

Uys,

Becker,

Petersen

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The high reduction potential of zinc has enabled its extensive use in the steel industry as a protective galvanising coating. Galvanising, which consumes approximately 50-60% of the global production of zinc, significantly increases the life span of steel products and contributes towards addressing the costly global problem of corrosion. While there does not appear to be a readily available and agreed-upon annual quantity of galvanised steel produced, it has been estimated by the authors to be 320-390 Mt/a (equating to 15-20% of the annual steel production). Due to the various methods employed to galvanise steel and different steel shapes which are coated, there is no clarity on the average percentage of zinc which galvanised steel is comprised of. However, a zinc content of between 1.5-2.5% appears to correlate with the estimated annual galvanised steel production. The reprocessing of secondary zinc streams is becoming increasingly important due to legislation changes and increased consumer demand for recycled and low carbon metals. Within the steel industry this will include the recycling of galvanised scrap steel, using primary process routes, as well as the re-processing of waste streams, such as steel dusts, using additional technologies such as the Waelz kiln. Zinc associated with galvanised scrap steel would exclusively report to these dusts, and thus represents a key resource for recycled zinc. Although there are two main steel process routes preceding the galvanising process, the focus here is on the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process route due to its ability to incorporate high levels of secondary (zinc containing) steel feeds, and the dust produced typically contains economically recoverable levels of zinc. EAF dust production is estimated between 5-10 Mt/a at a zinc content of 10-36%. Failure to recover this zinc would represent a loss of 0.5-3.6 Mt Zn/a to waste. The Waelz kiln is the most prominent technology utilised to recover Zn from EAF dust. However, this process requires additional energy, and thus the associated carbon footprint needs to be included in the evaluation of the potential of Waelz oxide as a secondary Zn resource. To this end, model analysis of a simplified Waelz kiln using the HSC simulation software shows that the carbon footprint associated with the processing of EAF dust ranges from 4-12 kg CO2/kg Zn dust at 10 wt.% Zn in the dust to 1-4 kg CO2/kg Zn at 35 wt.% Zn in the dust.

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Section: Quantifying Production Of Waste From Galvanised Steel Produc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantifying Production Of Waste From Galvanised Steel Produc...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of recycled galvanised steel as a resource for Zn production

Uys,

Becker,

Petersen

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…El-eswed [ 108 ] proposed that Cu can replace Si in the geopolymer structure, being similar to Pb. Moreover, the leaching of Cu was always evaluated in terms of geopolymers synthesized from fly ash and industrial sludge [ 142 ], mine tailing [ 143 ], lead–zinc smelting slag [ 75 ], sludge incineration residue [ 144 ], red mud, and municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI) [ 145 , 146 , 147 ], melting slag of MSWI and bottom ash [ 148 ], electrolytic manganese residue [ 149 ], electric arc furnace dust [ 150 ], etc. Importantly, the leaching concentration of Cu can be satisfied with related standards.…”

Section: Geopolymer-based S/s Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Geopolymer in Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Pollutants: A Review

et al. 2022

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Geopolymers, as a kind of inorganic polymer, possess excellent properties and have been broadly studied for the stabilization/solidification (S/S) of hazardous pollutants. Even though many reviews about geopolymers have been published, the summary of geopolymer-based S/S for various contaminants has not been well conducted. Therefore, the S/S of hazardous pollutants using geopolymers are comprehensively summarized in this review. Geopolymer-based S/S of typical cations, including Pb, Zn, Cd, Cs, Cu, Sr, Ni, etc., were involved and elucidated. The S/S mechanisms for cationic heavy metals were concluded, mainly including physical encapsulation, sorption, precipitation, and bonding with a silicate structure. In addition, compared to cationic ions, geopolymers have a poor immobilization ability on anions due to the repulsive effect between them, presenting a high leaching percentage. However, some anions, such as Se or As oxyanions, have been proved to exist in geopolymers through electrostatic interaction, which provides a direction to enhance the geopolymer-based S/S for anions. Besides, few reports about geopolymer-based S/S of organic pollutants have been published. Furthermore, the adsorbents of geopolymer-based composites designed and studied for the removal of hazardous pollutants from aqueous conditions are also briefly discussed. On the whole, this review will offer insights into geopolymer-based S/S technology. Furthermore, the challenges to geopolymer-based S/S technology outlined in this work are expected to be of direct relevance to the focus of future research.

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“…From a quantity perspective, it has been reported that for every ton of steel manufacturing, approximately 15-20 kg are generated as a by-product [2,3] . According to recently published research, only about 2.5 of the 6 Mmt of EAFD produced annually worldwide are recycled [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Study on the Effect of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) on the Rutting of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Alsheyab¹,

Khedaywi²

2023

j. of smar. build. and constr. technol.

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As a byproduct of the steelmaking process, significant amounts of hazardous electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are produced. Utilizing the solidification/stabilization technology with asphalt mix is one way to safeguard the environment from its negative effects. Rutting was used as an indicator to assess the asphalt mixture with EAFD since it is an important factor in pavement design. This study's major goal is to ascertain how EAFD affects the rutting of asphalt-concrete mixtures. To evaluate the ideal asphalt content, the Marshall test method was applied to asphalt concrete mixtures. EAFD was added to the asphalt cement in four different volume percentages as a binder addition. Then, using the Universal Testing Machine, participants were exposed to a replica of the rutting test (UTM). Experiments were conducted at 25, 40 and 55oC, and at frequencies of 1, 4 and 8 Hz. Rutting was measured for each specimen. Tests results showed that while rut depth has negative correlation with of EAFD% and positive correlation with the temperature. The use of EAFD has dual advantages, protecting the environment from the adverse impact of EAFD and reducing the cost of asphalt mix without jeopardizing the pavement performance.

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Coal Fly Ash–Clay Based Geopolymer-Incorporating Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD): Leaching Behavior and Geochemical Modeling

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of recycled galvanised steel as a resource for Zn production

Evaluation of recycled galvanised steel as a resource for Zn production

Application of Geopolymer in Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Pollutants: A Review

Analytical Study on the Effect of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) on the Rutting of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

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