Coal combustion aerosols and sulfur dioxide:  an interdisciplinary analysis

Amdur, Mary O.; Sarofim, Adel F.; Neville, M.A.; Quann, Richard J.; McCarthy, John F.; Elliott, John F.; Lam, Hua Fuan; Rogers, Adrianne E.; Conner, Michael W.

doi:10.1021/es00144a004

Cited by 65 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This is a concern because H 2 SO 4 deposited as a layer on coal fly ash has been shown to accentuate respiratory impairment. 25,26 H 2 SO 4 condensation is an issue with both highsulfur and low-sulfur coals because the deposition of H 2 SO 4 on particles by SO 3 injection is used to control the resistivity of fly ash in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).…”

Section: Nucleation Versus Surface Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 8 summarizes combustion particle characteristics that are suspected to be important for health effects and the results of selected epidemiology and toxicology studies that have addressed these physical and chemical characteristics. 6,8,25,213,305,308, Recent reviews discuss the toxicologic and epidemiologic evidence for health risks from gasoline and diesel engine emissions; 324,349 the toxicology of ultrafine anthropogenic atmospheric aerosols; 345 and the relationship of particle air pollution to asthma. 350 The proceedings of recent conferences are sources of more detailed coverage of current health-related research.…”

Section: Particle Health Effect Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An example of this type of study involved supplying fresh laboratory-generated coal fly ash particles to animal inhalation chambers as part of a study of the combined effects of H 2 SO 4 and coal fly ash. 25,376 Inhalation studies involving ultrafine and nanoparticle PM also require having a laboratory particle generator connected to the inhalation chamber due to the rapid transformation of the particles by coagulation. 377 Surrogate particle inhalation studies require close cooperation between the life sciences and aerosol team members as well as physical proximity of the animal care and combustion facilities.…”

Section: Controlled Exposure To Concentrated Ambient Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amdur and coworkers conducted extensive studies of the health effects of H 2 SO 4 aerosols, both as a pure component and in combination with coal fly ash. 25,26,413 Amdur 25,26 reported that a 10-fold increase in dose with acid aerosol alone was required to match the effect on lung-diffusing capacity caused by inhalation of H 2 SO 4 condensed on PM. A concentration of 310 mg/m 3 of H 2 SO 4 mist corresponded to the same change in diffusion capacity as occurred when the H 2 SO 4 was surfacelayered on a coal fly ash particle at a concentration of 30 mg/m 3 .…”

Section: Synergistic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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1,008

600

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

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Section: Nucleation Versus Surface Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Particle Health Effect Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controlled Exposure To Concentrated Ambient Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synergistic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

Self Cite

1,008

600

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“…Our prototype pure metal oxide aerosol has been zinc oxide (ZnO) (count median diameter 0.05 ,um, (yg 2.0) mixed with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and water vapor at 5000C (1). Qualitative data obtained with electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) showed that the sulfur (S) species associated with the aerosol under these mixing conditions were predominantly S (VI) with a lesser amount of S (IV) (2 prompt pH drop when these aerosols were suspended in water indicated that this surface layer was predominantly H2S 04. The respiratory response of guinea pigs exposed to these aerosols was consistent with the known response to H2SO4 (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Furnace-Generated Acid Aerosols: Speciation and Pulmonary Effects

Amdur¹,

Chen²

1989

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Guinea pigs were exposed to ultrafine aerosols (< 0.1 ,Im) of zinc oxide with a surface layer of sulfuric acid. These acid-coated aerosols are typical of primary emissions from smelters and coal combustors. Repeated daily 3-hr exposures for 5 days produce decrements in lung volumes and pulmonary diffusing capacity and elevations of lung weight/body weight ratio, protein, and number of neutrophils in pulmonary lavage fluid at concentrations of 20 ,ug/m3. A single 1-hr exposure to 20 ,ug/m3 causes increased bronchial reactivity. Higher concentrations of conventionally generated sulfuric acid mist are required to produce responses of similar magnitude.

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Inhalation Toxicology Methods: The Generation and Characterization of Exposure Atmospheres and Inhalational Exposures

Chen

Lippmann

2015

CP Toxicology

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In this review, we outline the need for laboratory-based inhalation toxicology studies, the historical background on adverse health effects of airborne toxicants, and the benefits of advance planning for the building of analytic options into the study design to maximize the scientific gains to be derived from the investments in the study. We then discuss methods for: 1) the generation and characterization of exposure atmospheres for inhalation exposures in humans and laboratory animals; 2) their delivery and distribution into and within whole-body exposure chambers, head-only exposure chambers, face-masks, and mouthpieces or nasal catheters; 3) options for on-line functional assays during and between exposures; and 4) options for serial non-invasive assays of response. In doing so, we go beyond exposures to single agents and simple mixtures, and include methods for evaluating biological responses to complex environmental mixtures. We also emphasize that great care should be taken in the design and execution of such studies so that the scientific returns can be maximized both initially, and in follow-up utilization of archived samples of the exposure atmospheres, excreta, and tissues collected for histology.

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Coal combustion aerosols and sulfur dioxide: an interdisciplinary analysis

Cited by 65 publications

References 25 publications

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Furnace-Generated Acid Aerosols: Speciation and Pulmonary Effects

Inhalation Toxicology Methods: The Generation and Characterization of Exposure Atmospheres and Inhalational Exposures

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