CO2 utilization for methanol production; Part I: Process design and life cycle GHG assessment of different pathways

A CO2 valorization plant to produce light hydrocarbons: Kinetic model, process design and life cycle assessment

“…In the ideal scenario, these two hydrogen sources will be combined, giving GWP indicator values in between those estimated here. The environmental impact is significantly lower in this study when using green hydrogen than those usually reported for a methanol plant [20]. These savings are the consequence of producing propane directly from CO 2 in a single step, as the estimated carbon footprint of producing propane with the current technology (crude oil at refinery) is significantly higher than that of conventional methanol production (natural gas).…”

“…Most of the work has been done within the boundaries of the CO 2 hydrogenation plant, performing optimizations of the process parameters [14], estimations of the maxima CO 2 abated [15], or required costs (methanol and H 2 price or CO 2 tax) to make a green methanol plant affordable [16][17][18][19]. Khojasteh-Salkuyeh et al [20] performed a more specific study on the thermal efficiency of methanol production plants, and concluded that CO 2 hydrogenation can produce methanol more efficiently than dry reforming (48% vs 41% LHV) but still far from the conventional route (autothermal or steam reforming of methane) (68%). Nevertheless, their LCA suggested that CO 2 net zero emissions will be only achieved with very low electricity GHG intensity, making necessary the use of RES, especially for H 2 production.…”

Net-zero transition of the global chemical industry with CO2-feedstock by 2050: feasible yet challenging

“…65 Recent LCA studies have demonstrated that CO 2 -based chemicals such as methanol and ethylene would have lower carbon footprint than their conventional counterparts only when using low-carbon hydrogen, such as green hydrogen from water electrolysis powered with zero-to low-carbon electricity. [66][67][68][69] Therefore, speedy upscaling of the capacity of zero-to low-carbon electricity is another pre-requisite for the transition to a fully CO 2 -based chemical industry.…”

Process development and policy implications for large scale deployment of solar-driven electrolysis-based renewable methanol production

“…12 In 2019, the world's methanol production was 148 million metric tons and is expected to rise to approximately 311 million metric tons by 2030, considering the versatility of its commercial applications. 13 Unfortunately, 90% of the current methanol demand is met using natural gas, thus depleting non-renewable resources and substantially contributing to GHG emissions. However, these issues have diverted the attention of industries and academia towards researching green methanol production routes using renewable energy resources.…”