CO2 concentration as an indicator of indoor ventilation performance to control airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Park, Sowoo; Song, Doosam

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.011

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, the sustainability of IAQ requires more studies on the impact of inhaled CO 2 on human health, especially in the absence of other indoor air pollutants. Such examinations have been carried out with various indoor CO 2 levels, e.g., 5000 ppm [54], 800-3000 ppm [55], 830 and 27,000 [56], 1450 ppm [57], 8000-12,000 [58], 6000-2100 ppm [59], 900 ppm [60], etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon for Low-Level CO2 Adsorption toward Sustainable Indoor Air

Heo,

Kim,

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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This study fabricated a low-cost activated carbon (AC) adsorbent from readily available bamboo trees to control indoor CO2 levels and reduce energy costs associated with sustaining clean indoor air. Bamboo is naturally high in potassium content and has narrow fibrous channels that could enhance selective CO2 adsorption. The prepared bamboo-based activated carbon (BAC) exhibits predominantly micropores with an average pore size of 0.17 nm and a specific surface area of 984 m2/g. Upon amination, amine functionalities, such as pyridine, pyrrole, and quaternary N, were formed on its surface, enhancing its CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.98 and 1.80 mmol/g for low-level (3000 ppm) and pure CO2 flows at the ambient condition, respectively. In addition, the 0.3% CO2/N2 selectivity (αs,g) of the prepared sorbents revealed a superior affinity of CO2 by BAC (8.60) over coconut shell-based adsorbents (1.16–1.38). Furthermore, amination enhanced BAC’s CO2αs,g to 13.4. These results exhibit this sustainable approach's potential capabilities to ensure the control of indoor CO2 levels, thereby reducing the cost associated with mechanical ventilation systems. Further research should test the new sorbent’s adsorption properties (isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics) for real-life applicability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon for Low-Level CO2 Adsorption toward Sustainable Indoor Air

Heo,

Kim,

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…The best source control is provided by fitted respirator masks 180 . In addition, key framework is bringing indoor air quality up to infection-control standards by monitoring CO2 and particles 181 and improving mechanical ventilation and filtration. Physical distancing or directed air flows protect also those who are unable to mask 182 .…”

Section: Applying Available Measures To Stop the Uncontrolled Spreadmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: From Crisis to Solution

Šalamon,

Ewing,

Fox

et al. 2024

WHNSC

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The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic persists, causing significant harm. Extensive evidence indicates that even mild infections and reinfections can result in symptomatic and subclinical health damage, disability, and persistent infection. Vascular impacts, neurotropism, and immune dysregulation lead to impaired organ function, increased morbidity and mortality, compromised work productivity, and a decline in overall health and quality of life. The uncontrolled spread of the virus is accelerating its evolution, outpacing the effectiveness of vaccines, treatments, and immune system adaptation. This preventable disease and others magnified by immune dysfunction are driving staff shortages, supply chain disruptions, and overwhelming healthcare systems. Despite the dire nature of the current conditions, knowledge and means are present to solve these problems. We present a science-based strategy for confronting the ongoing pandemic, including reducing airborne transmission through clean indoor air programs comparable with historical clean water programs. Public and professional education on the implications of repeated SARS-Cov-2 infections and utilizing known preventive measures can dramatically reduce transmission, which in turn reduces the rate of new variant introduction and strengthens the effectiveness of vaccines and treatments. It is essential to restore the prioritization of health and safety in healthcare and society.

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“…Du et al reported that improving the ventilation system in a poorly ventilated university building, where a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak (27 patients with TB and 1,665 contacts) occurred, and reducing the maximum CO 2 concentration from 3,204 ± 50 to 591–603 ppm would reduce the rate of secondary infection among new contacts to zero (average follow-up period: 5.9 years); moreover, controlling CO 2 concentrations below 1,000 ppm would reduce the incidence of TB in contacts by 97% (95% confidence interval (CI):50–99.9%) [ 9 ]. Multiple studies have reported airborne transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), particularly in poorly ventilated indoor spaces [ 10 – 15 ]; hence, the application of CO 2 concentration as an indicator of risk for the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has also been proposed [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the ventilation of living spaces to assess the risk of airborne transmission of infection using a novel Pocket CO2 Logger to track carbon dioxide concentrations in Tokyo

Ishigaki,

Yokogawa

2024

PLoS ONE

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We employed carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration monitoring using mobile devices to identify location-specific risks for airborne infection transmission. We lent a newly developed, portable Pocket CO2 Logger to 10 participants, to be carried at all times, for an average of 8 days. The participants recorded their location at any given time as cinema, gym, hall, home, hospital, other indoors, other outgoings, pub, restaurant, university, store, transportation, or workplace. Generalized linear mixed model was used for statistical analysis, with the objective variable set to the logarithm of CO2 concentration. Analysis was performed by assigning participant identification as the random effect and location as the fixed effect. The data were collected per participant (seven males, four females), resulting in a total of 12,253 records. Statistical analysis identified three relatively poorly ventilated locations (median values > 1,000 ppm) that contributed significantly (p < 0.0001) to CO2 concentrations: homes (1,316 ppm), halls (1,173 ppm), and gyms (1005ppm). In contrast, two locations were identified to contribute significantly (p < 0.0001) to CO2 concentrations but had relatively low average values (<1,000 ppm): workplaces (705 ppm) and stores (620 ppm). The Pocket CO2 Logger can be used to visualize airborne infectious transmission risk by location to help guide recommendation regarding infectious disease policies, such as restrictions on human flow and ventilation measures and guidelines. In the future, large-scale surveys are expected to utilize the global positioning system, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth of an individual’s smartphone to improve ease and accuracy.

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CO2 concentration as an indicator of indoor ventilation performance to control airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Fabrication of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon for Low-Level CO2 Adsorption toward Sustainable Indoor Air

Fabrication of Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon for Low-Level CO2 Adsorption toward Sustainable Indoor Air

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: From Crisis to Solution

Monitoring the ventilation of living spaces to assess the risk of airborne transmission of infection using a novel Pocket CO2 Logger to track carbon dioxide concentrations in Tokyo

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