Co-transformation of Panax major ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 to minor ginsenosides C–K and F1 by Cladosporium cladosporioides

Abstract

Rb₁ and Rg₁ are the major ginsenosides in protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol. Their content in ginsenosides was 23.8 and 17.6%, respectively. A total of 22 isolates of β-glucosidase producing microorganisms were isolated from the soil of a ginseng field using Esculin-R2A agar. Among these isolates, the strain GH21 showed the strongest activities to convert ginsenoside Rb₁ and Rg₁ to minor ginsenosides compound-K and F₁, respectively. Ginsenosides Rb₁ and Rg₁ bioconversion rates were 74.2 and 89.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the results demonstrated that the ginsenoside Rg₁ could change the biotransformation pathway of ginsenoside Rb₁ by inhibiting the formation of the intermediate metabolite gypenoside-XVII. GH21 was identified as a Cladosporium cladosporioides species based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene sequences constructed phylogenetic trees.

Enzymatic Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Gypenoside XVII into Ginsenosides Rd and F2 by Recombinant β-glucosidase from Flavobacterium johnsoniae

“…Bgp1 derived from M. esteraromaticum preferentially hydrolyzed both the outer and inner glucose moieties at the C-20 position until ginsenoside Rg3 was produced finally [24]. The other enzyme, β-glucosidase from Cladosporium cladosporioides , converted gypenoside XVII into ginsenoside F2 by hydrolyzing the outer glucose at the C-20 position and further into compound K by hydrolyzing the C-3 glucose moiety [25]. However, in this study, BglF3 could selectively hydrolyze only one outer glucose at the C-20 position for the major ginsenoside Rb1 and gypenoside XVII.…”

Diversity of cultivable β -glycosidase-producing micro-organisms isolated from the soil of a ginseng field and their ginsenosides-hydrolysing activity

“…; Chi and Ji ; Wu et al . ) is shown to be the most effective way to produce C‐K, via the cleavage of sugar moieties at the C‐3 or C‐20 positions. It appeared that many different groups of micro‐organisms were capable of producing β‐glucosidase.…”

Microbial ketonization of ginsenosides F1 and C–K by Lactobacillus brevis

“…Several microbial transformations have been used to deglycosylate ginsenosides (Kim et al 2012a, b;Wu et al 2012). In recent years, microbial modifications (side-chain oxidation-reduction, hydroxylation and ketonization) have been reported to form new compounds (Liu et al 2011;Chen et al 2013).…”