Co-solvent ethanolysis of chicken waste: Optimization of parameters and characterization of biodiesel

Fadhil, Abdelrahman B.; Saeed, Islam K.; Saeed, Liqaa I.; Altamer, Marwa H.

doi:10.1080/15567036.2015.1065299

Cited by 33 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Fuel properties of alkali and lipase catalyzed biodiesel.reduce emissions of SOx but NOx are found equal or higher than petroleum diesel(55,56). Teixeira et al obtained similar results of NOx (1.90-1.98%) and SOx (0.05-0.07%) as the current finding, 1.95% SOx and 0.03% SOx for B20 as they employed similar production methods and reaction conditions for biodiesel production(57).…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

Comparative analysis of various waste cooking oils for esterification and transesterification processes to produce biodiesel

Haq

Akram

Nawaz

et al. 2021

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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This study is focused on the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils to turn the waste into energy by biological means. Physicochemical analysis of the oil samples was performed by measuring their density, acid value and saponification value for evaluating their efficacy towards biodiesel synthesis. Metal catalyzed glycerolysis and acid catalyzed esterification was carried out to reduce the free fatty acid number of oils. Transesterification of treated oils was done by using different alkalis and lipase (free and immobilized) as catalysts. Furthermore, the impact of all the reaction parameters including time, temperature, catalysts and methanol concentration was observed. Biodiesel was purified by wet and dry washing. Maximum product formation was achieved with 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH) followed by 4% free lipase and 6% immobilized lipase. Chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) showed the presences of about 97 and 93% fatty acid methyl esters for KOH and lipase based biodiesel, respectively. Fuel properties including distillation temperature, kinematic viscosity, flash, fire, cloud and pour point of the final product were found in accordance with the standard American Society Testing and Materials biodiesel specifications.

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supporting

confidence: 66%

Comparative analysis of various waste cooking oils for esterification and transesterification processes to produce biodiesel

Haq

Akram

Nawaz

et al. 2021

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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“…Furthermore, following previously established literature, the TE in the attendance of cosolvent could proceed with mild conditions than those accomplished employing conventional TE process 18 . Cosolvent ethanolysis of waste chicken fat produced the highest yield of ethylic BD at 60°C 19 . Cosolvent methanolysis of wild mustard seed oil to BD gave the highest result at 50°C and 45 min 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process

Saeed

Khalaf

Fadhil

2021

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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The crude oil extracted from milk thistle seeds was employed as a precursor for creating biodiesel (BD) via the cosolvent esterification–transesterification process. The high acid value of the extracted oil (11.90 mg KOH/g) encouraged its pre‐esterification in the occurrence of hexane as a cosolvent. The cosolvent esterification of oil diminished its acidity index to below 2.0 mg KOH/g using 1.5:1 hexane:methanol volume ratio, 50°C, 60‐min reaction time, 6:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, and 0.75 wt.% HCl. Alcoholysis reaction of the esterified oil with methanol and a blend of methanol:ethanol to synthesize, respectively, methylic BD and methylic/ethylic BD was accomplished in the presence of hexane as a cosolvent as well. Under the ideal reaction conditions, methylic BD yield and methylic/ethylic BD yield were 96.23% and 95.63%, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra affirmed the lipid transformation from milk thistle seeds into BD. The attained samples of BD exhibited properties conforming to those specified by ASTM D6751. Also, the cosolvent methanolysis kinetic obeyed the pseudo‐first‐order with 35.94 KJ/mol activation energy and 6.32‐s frequency factor.

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“…The reaction parameters were optimized as: ethanol to oil molar ratio-8:1, hexane to ethanol ratio-1.5:1 (volume basis), catalyst concentration-0.75 wt% potassium hydroxide, reaction temperature-60 °C, and reaction time-60 min. The overall reaction followed up first order kinetics (activation energy: 13.31 kJ/mol) and hexane in the system improvised the overall yield of FAEE as well as its fuel properties, that were evaluated as per ASTM D6751 standards [23].Likewise, Shi et al [24] achieved a maximum yield of 93% upon transesterifying jatropha oil by means of co-solvent assisted transesterification oil using eggshell based heterogeneous catalyst. The reaction was maintained at methanol to oil molar ratio-9:1, acetone to oil ratio-1:1 (weight basis), catalyst concentration-7 wt% eggshell-derived catalyst, reaction temperature-65 °C and reaction time-120 min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste beef tallow using ethanol as co-solvent

et al. 2020

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This present study deals with production of biodiesel from waste beef tallow using co-solvent based transesterification. Waste tallow was dry rendered from discarded fleshing and processing wastes; whose maximum fat content was estimated to be 48.35 ± 0.87%, collectively. Following this, biodiesel was produced from rendered tallow using methanol as primary solvent; and ethanol as co-solvent in presence of potassium hydroxide as base catalyst. Ideal range for reaction parameters were decided based on reaction parameters optimized for methanol based and ethanol based transesterification separately. Accordingly, the optimal reaction conditions for methanol-ethanol based transesterification are as follows: (1) oil to alcohol molar ratio: 1:6; (2) methanol to ethanol molar ratio: 3/3; (3) catalyst concentration: 0.55% KOH; (4) reaction temperature: 70 °C; (5) reaction time: 35 min and produced a maximum yield of 97.2 ± 1.08%. Apart from production optimization, the resultant biodiesel/tallow methyl ethyl ester (TMEE) was evaluated for its thermal & physicochemical properties as per ASTM D6751 standards. Interestingly, the fuel properties of TMEE were found to be superior than compared to tallow methyl esters and was accounted by presence of ethyl esters in them.

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Co-solvent ethanolysis of chicken waste: Optimization of parameters and characterization of biodiesel

Cited by 33 publications

References 24 publications

Comparative analysis of various waste cooking oils for esterification and transesterification processes to produce biodiesel

Comparative analysis of various waste cooking oils for esterification and transesterification processes to produce biodiesel

Biodiesel production from milk thistle seed oil as nonedible oil by cosolvent esterification–transesterification process

Process optimization of biodiesel production from waste beef tallow using ethanol as co-solvent

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