Co‐occurrence of citrinin and ochratoxin A in rice in Asia and its implications for human health

Abstract

Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins, produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species and their co-occurrence in rice may cause health effects in humans. Rice is an important food crop worldwide and is a major staple food in Asia which may be invaded by CIT and OTA producing fungal spores in the field, during harvest and storage. Humans are exposed to these mycotoxins through ingestion of contaminated rice and other food commodities. Yet, data on the combined presence to these food contaminants are still insufficient to estimate human exposure in Asia. This review describes the prevalence of CIT and OTA in rice in Asia and its implications on human health, which may help in establishing and carrying out proper management strategies against mould development on rice. From the health point of view, combined exposition of CIT and OTA should be a public concern as both are nephrotoxic and long-term exposure can pose detrimental health effects. Thus, it is necessary for local farmers and food factories to implement strict measures and to improve methods for rice preservation during the distribution to consumers, particularly in the markets. Moreover, regular surveys for CIT and OTA occurrence in rice and human biomonitoring are recommended to reduce the health effects in Asian population. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mycotoxins and Related Fungi in Italian Paddy Rice During the Growing Season and Storage

“…Regarding OTA, no sample showed a contamination higher than the limit of detection (0.02 µg kg −1 ). Several studies reported not negligible contaminations with OTA in rice [6,29,30,31]; however, there was little data that referred to rice produced in Italy in the literature.…”

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti‐Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

“…A number of citrinin derivatives (for example, pencitrinol and pencitrin) including monomers (for example, penicitrinol L) and dimers (for example, seco‐penicitrinol A, penicitrinone E, and penicitrinone A) have recently been reported to be produced by P. citrinum salicorn 46 (Hu et al., ) and P. citrinum strain EN‐535 and Aspergillus sydowii strain EN‐534 (Yang et al., ). Citrinin is often found existing in combination with OTA, both being produced by P. verrucosum , in a variety of food and feed commodities including rice (Ali, ), maize, wheat (Pleadin et al., ), and many other foods and feeds. Citrinin toxicity has been found to cause oocyte maturation failure and abnormalities in early embryo development (Wu et al., ).…”

“…Mainly associated with store grain including rice (Ali, 2018), maize and wheat (Pleadin et al, 2018).…”

Controlled Release of Peppermint Oil from Paraffin‐Coated Activated Carbon Contained in Sachets to Inhibit Mold Growth During Long Term Storage of Brown Rice

“…Humidity is a major factor that induces the growth of microorganisms, particularly post‐harvest pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus ochraceus , Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp ., Penicillium spp ., Rhizopus spp ., and Alternaria spp . (Ali, ). Brown rice (BR) is a good choice for a healthy diet because it has a higher nutritive value and antioxidant activity as well as numerous other benefits as opposed to white rice (Abubakar, Yakasai, Zawawi, & Ismail, ; Pang et al.…”

“…Asia (especially China, India, and Thailand) is an important rice exporter that produces more than two‐thirds of the world's rice production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ). However, rice production and storage in areas that have high to sub‐humid climates (such as South and Southeast Asia) are at a risk of mycotoxin‐producing mold growth (Ali, ; Sun, Su, & Shan, ). Humidity is a major factor that induces the growth of microorganisms, particularly post‐harvest pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus ochraceus , Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp ., Penicillium spp ., Rhizopus spp ., and Alternaria spp .…”