Co-Morbidity and Depression among the Anxiety Disorders

Barlow, David H.; DiNardo, Peter A.; Vermilyea, Bonnie B.; Vermilyea, James A.; Blanchard, Edward B.

doi:10.1097/00005053-198602000-00001

Cited by 211 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…The significant correlation between BDI and STAI-T total scores was expected (e.g., 10,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. This may be due to the psychometric weakness of the scales used rather than to a real comorbidity or weakness of the anxiety or depression constructs (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory

Andrade

Gorenstein

Filho

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

141

103

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The psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and its relation to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were evaluated in a large Brazilian college student sample containing 845 women and 235 men. STAI-T scores tended to be higher for women, singles, those who work, and subjects under 30 years. Factor analysis of the STAI-T for total sample and by gender yielded two factors: the first representing a mood dimension and the second being related to worrying or cognitive aspects of anxiety. In order to study the relation between anxiety and depression measures, factor analysis of the combination of the 21 BDI items and the 20 STAI-T items was also carried out. The analysis resulted in two factors that were analyzed according to the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. Most of the BDI items (measuring positive affectivity and nonspecific symptoms of depression) were loaded on the first factor and four STAI-T items that measure positive affectivity. The remaining STAI-T items, all of them measuring negative affect, remained in the second factor. Thus, factor 1 represents a depression dimension and factor 2 measures a moodworrying dimension. The findings of this study suggest that, although widely used as an anxiety scale, the STAI-T in fact measures mainly a general negative affect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory

Andrade

Gorenstein

Filho

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

141

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Depression is a case in point. In four independent studies of major depression, the percentage of co-morbid diagnoses amounted to 100% [53], 100%…”

Section: The Handling O F Co-morbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis, the Rate-Limiting Factor of Biological Depression Research

Praag¹

1993

Neuropsychobiology

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The third edition of the DSM provided a standardized, operationalized classification system of mood disorders. In this paper, the question is raised whether this system is a good starting point for biological depression research. The question is answered in the negative and the reasons why are being discussed. The proposed mood disorders are not properly validated and utterly heterogenous and overlapping. An etiological axis is wanting and no hypothesis as to the relations between axis I and II diagnoses is required. The comorbidity problem is not satisfactorily resolved. The system leaves no room for a dimensional/functional analysis of mood and personality disorders. The frequent revisions that are only to a small extent based on preconceived research, lead to havoc in the research arena. The DSM III classification is considered to be the single most important factor hampering biological depression research. Ways to remedy the situation are pointed out.

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“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Patients with social phobia have twice as many alcohol-related problems as those who are not phobic, and individuals with drinking-related disorders are 9 times more likely to have social phobia than the general population. 16,17 There is, as well, a high rate of panic-related disorders among alcoholics, [18][19][20][21] and several investigators have found high rates of alcohol abuse among patients with panic disorder.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal syndrome on social phobia and panic disorder in alcoholic inpatients

2004

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PURPOSE:To investigate the impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal on the course of social phobia and panic disorder.METHOD: A group of 41 alcoholic inpatients undergoing detoxification therapy were interviewed using the SCID-I (DSM-IV) and questions to detect fluctuations in the course of social phobia and panic disorder as a function of the different phases in alcohol dependence (intoxication, withdrawal, and lucid interval).RESULTS: Only 1 (2.4%) patient presented panic disorder throughout life, and 9 (21.9%) had panic attacks during alcohol intoxication or during the withdrawal syndrome. Sixteen (39%) alcoholic patients showed social phobia with onset prior to drug use. However, drinking eventually became unable to alleviate social phobia symptoms or worsened such symptoms in 31.2% of social-phobic patients. While patients with social phobia reported a significant improvement in psychiatric symptoms during alcohol intoxication, patients experiencing panic attacks worsened significantly during intoxication. In the withdrawal phase, patients with social phobia tended to have more and more intense phobic symptoms.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the impact of alcohol intoxication is different for social phobia as compared to panic disorder, at first decreasing the social-phobic symptoms but later aggravating them. In panic disorder, the impact of intoxication by alcohol is more harmful, at least in the short term. Alcohol-dependent patients have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders than the general population. On the other hand, patients with anxiety disorders have higher prevalence of abuse and/or dependence on alcohol and other drugs than the general population. 1 The order of emergence of these comorbidities, however, is not clear. One of the reasons for this may be the existence of different clinical syndromes comprising anxiety disorder.Several studies have shown that there is a strong association between alcohol abuse and social phobia and a high frequency of alcoholism among social phobic patients. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Patients with social phobia have twice as many alcohol-related problems as those who are not phobic, and individuals with drinking-related disorders are 9 times more likely to have social phobia than the general population. 16,17 There is, as well, a high rate of panic-related disorders among alcoholics, 18-21 and several investigators have found high rates of alcohol abuse among patients with panic disorder. 12,22,23 The chronological relationship between panic disorder or social phobia and alcohol dependence is controversial, with some studies showing that panic attacks precede the abuse and/ or alcohol dependence in more than 50% of the patients, 11,24 while in other studies, panic attacks are detected following abuse and/or alcohol addiction. 19,25,26,27 On the other hand, social phobia typically precedes problems with alcohol, 1 predisposing the affected individuals to a higher vulnerability to addictive disorders. 28,29

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Co-Morbidity and Depression among the Anxiety Disorders

Cited by 211 publications

References 0 publications

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory

Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory applied to college students: factor analysis and relation to the Beck Depression Inventory

Diagnosis, the Rate-Limiting Factor of Biological Depression Research

Impact of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal syndrome on social phobia and panic disorder in alcoholic inpatients

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