Co-evolution between Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus and Vitis vinifera L. leads to decreased defence responses and increased transcription of genes related to photosynthesis

Abstract

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) is a widespread virus infecting Vitis spp. Although it has established a compatible viral interaction in Vitis vinifera without the development of phenotypic alterations, it can occur as distinct variants that show different symptoms in diverse Vitis species. The changes induced by GRSPaV in V. vinifera cv 'Bosco', an Italian white grape variety, were investigated by combining agronomic, physiological, and molecular approaches, in order to provide comprehensive information about the global effects of GRSPaV. In two years, this virus caused a moderate decrease in physiological efficiency, yield performance, and sugar content in berries associated with several transcriptomic alterations. Transcript profiles were analysed by a microarray technique in petiole, leaf, and berry samples collected at véraison and by real-time RT-PCR in a time course carried out at five grapevine developmental stages. Global gene expression analyses showed that transcriptomic changes were highly variable among the different organs and the different phenological phases. GRSPaV triggers some unique responses in the grapevine at véraison, never reported before for other plant-virus interactions. These responses include an increase in transcripts involved in photosynthesis and CO(2) fixation, a moderate reduction in the photosynthesis rate and some defence mechanisms, and an overlap with responses to water and salinity stresses. It is hypothesized that the long co-existence of grapevine and GRSPaV has resulted in the evolution of a form of mutual adaptation between the virus and its host. This study contributes to elucidating alternative mechanisms used by infected plants to contend with viruses.

Grapevine Grafting: Scion Transcript Profiling and Defense-Related Metabolites Induced by Rootstocks

“…Gene-specific primers (Supplementary Table S5) were designed using Primer Express® software (v3.0, Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Reactions were carried out using Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific) as reported in Gambino et al (2012). Three technical replicates were run for each biological replicate, and the expression of transcripts was quantified after normalization to two housekeeping genes: ubiquitin ( VvUBI ) and actin1 ( VvACT1 ).…”

Genome-wide characterisation and expression profile of the grapevine ATL ubiquitin ligase family reveal biotic and abiotic stress-responsive and development-related members

“…Experiments included grapevine plants infected with Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV)88, Botrytis cinerea 8990, Erysiphe necator 58, Neofusicoccum parvum 91, Plasmopara viticola 4192, Eutypa lata (Unpublished Microarray Nimblegen), or infested with the spider mite Tetranyhus urticae 60, and grapevine plants subjected to different abiotic stresses, namely drought stress in cv. Tocai berries during development and ripening93, berry cultures treated with exogenous glucose94, heat stress/acclimation in berries during berry development and ripening95, carbon starvation due to plant shading at bloom in flowers/inflorescences96 and UV-C treatment of berry skins97.…”

Multiomics in Grape Berry Skin Revealed Specific Induction of the Stilbene Synthetic Pathway by Ultraviolet-C Irradiation

“…Although a certain number of publications have reported the results of transcriptome analyses in grape, most used EST-based microarrays and their data did not cover the whole grape genes. After the update of the grape genome data by Grimplet et al (2012), transcriptome analysis using a microarray covering the whole grape genes became popular (Pastore et al, 2011(Pastore et al, , 2013Fasoli et al, 2012;Gambino et al, 2012;Lijavetzky et al, 2012;Young et al, 2012;Dal Santo et al, 2013;Carbonell-Bejerano et al, 2014aDai et al, 2014;Rienth et al, 2014aRienth et al, , 2014b. Recently, RNA sequencing has also become popular in the transcriptome analysis of grape Fasoli et al, 2012;Perazzolli et al, 2012;Sweetman et al, 2012;Venturini et al, 2013;Chitwood et al, 2014;Li et al, 2014;Vitulo et al, 2014;Xu et al, 2014).…”