CNS glial cells support in vitro survivial, division, and differentiation of dissociated olfactory neuronal progenitor cells

Pixley, Sarah K.

doi:10.1016/0896-6273(92)90139-5

Cited by 94 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Olfactory receptor precursors cultured on cortical astrocytes proliferate extensively and differentiate into mature olfactory receptor neurons (19,20). Cortical neuron precursors from the embryo are maintained in division by contact with astrocytes (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis

Lim

Alvarez-Buylla

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

225

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Neurogenesis continues in the mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ) throughout life. However, the signaling and cell-cell interactions required for adult SVZ neurogenesis are not known. In vivo, migratory neuroblasts (type A cells) and putative precursors (type C cells) are in intimate contact with astrocytes (type B cells). Type B cells also contact each other. We reconstituted SVZ cell-cell interactions in a culture system free of serum or exogenous growth factors. Culturing dissociated postnatal or adult SVZ cells on astrocyte monolayers-but not other substratessupported extensive neurogenesis similar to that observed in vivo. SVZ precursors proliferated rapidly on astrocytes to form colonies containing up to 100 type A neuroblasts. By fractionating the SVZ cell dissociates with differential adhesion to immobilized polylysine, we show that neuronal colonyforming precursors were concentrated in a fraction enriched for type B and C cells. Pure type A cells could migrate in chains but did not give rise to neuronal colonies. Because astrocyteconditioned medium alone was not sufficient to support SVZ neurogenesis, direct cell-cell contact between astrocytes and SVZ neuronal precursors may be necessary for the production of type A cells.Throughout life, the subventricular zone (SVZ) retains a neurogenic population of cells (reviewed in refs. 1-5). Cells born in the neonatal (6) and adult rodent (7) SVZ migrate along a restricted pathway called the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into interneurons. The SVZ of adult mice lies directly under the ependyma of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle (8).Three SVZ cell types have been identified based on their ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics (2, 7, 9): (i) type A cells are migratory neuroblasts; (ii) type B cells are astrocytes; and (iii) type C cells are putative precursors. The spatial relationship between these cells is depicted in Fig. 1 Inset. Both type A and type C cells are apposed to the type B astrocytes. Type B cells also have intercellular contacts with each other. Type A cells migrate in chains through glial tubes composed of type B cells, and type C cells are found as small clusters along these chains of migrating neuroblasts. Type A cells are immunopositive for neuronal markers including neuron-specific tubulin (Tuj1) and the polysialylated form of the neural cell-adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). Type B cells contain glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes. Type C cells are ultrastructurally immature and do not stain for either neuronal or glial markers.The type B cells can be classified further: B1 cells contact the ependyma and B2 cells do not. Type A, B2, and C cells are mitotic. Based on their immature characteristics, mitotic activity, and juxtaposition to the chains of type A cells, the type C cells have been proposed to be the immediate precursors of the migratory type A neuroblasts (9).How SVZ neurogenesis is maintained in the adult brain is not well understoo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis

Lim

Alvarez-Buylla

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

225

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“…Furthermore, astrocytes are often coupled via gap junctions and can form a syncytium (reviewed in Giaume & McCarthy 1996;Giaume & Venance 1998), which may allow them to propagate signals locally or throughout the entire niche, thereby regulating activation and differentiation of stem cells. Astrocytes also contribute to the neurogenic niche through contact-mediated cues and by secreting diffusible signals (Pixley 1992;Lim & Alvarez-Buylla 1999;Taupin et al 2000;Song et al 2002;Kornyei et al 2005;Lie et al 2005). It is still unknown whether the dual roles of astrocytes as stem cells and niche support cells are segregated into distinct astrocyte populations or whether individual astrocytes can have both roles.…”

Section: Stem Cell Astrocytes and Niche Astrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent work has revealed that astrocytes are dynamic regulators of many brain processes, including synaptogenesis and synaptic efficacy (Ullian et al 2001;Christopherson et al 2005), support adult neurogenesis (Pixley 1992;Lim & Alvarez-Buylla 1999;Song et al 2002;Kornyei et al 2005) and act as neural stem cells in the adult brain (Doetsch et al 1999a;Laywell et al 2000;Imura et al 2003;Morshead et al 2003;Garcia et al 2004;Sanai et al 2004;Ahn & Joyner 2005). Thus, astrocytes are emerging as key mediators of brain development, function and plasticity, highlighting the critical need to better characterize the heterogeneity and developmental specification of different subpopulations of astrocytes both within adult neurogenic regions and throughout the brain (Bachoo et al 2004;Bonaguidi et al 2005;Muroyama et al 2005;Imura et al 2006;Lim et al 2006;Sakaguchi et al 2006).…”

Section: Stem Cell Astrocytes and Niche Astrocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain micro-ecologies: neural stem cell niches in the adult mammalian brain

Riquelme

Drapeau

Doetsch

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

240

178

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Neurogenesis persists in two germinal regions in the adult mammalian brain, the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone in the hippocampal formation. Within these two neurogenic niches, specialized astrocytes are neural stem cells, capable of self-renewing and generating neurons and glia. Cues within the niche, from cell-cell interactions to diffusible factors, are spatially and temporally coordinated to regulate proliferation and neurogenesis, ultimately affecting stem cell fate choices. Here, we review the components of adult neural stem cell niches and how they act to regulate neurogenesis in these regions.

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“…Furthermore, colony-forming assays of purified ORN progenitors (essentially all GBCs), grown at clonal density, yield a low percentage of colonies containing cells that have an OEClike morphology [23]. Others have reported the presence of astrocyte-like and Schwann-like cells in cultures of olfactory mucosa [10].…”

Section: Olfactory Ensheathing Cell (Oec) Originsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence from both developmental and regeneration studies indicate that there are two distinct populations of transit amplifying progenitors in OE, one of which is a daughter of the stem cell and expresses the proneural gene, Mash1; the second, which expresses the proneural gene Neurogenin1 (Ngn1), is the daughter of Mash1-expressing progenitors, and can also undergo one or two rounds of symmetric cell divisions [2,7,8]. The progeny of this second transit-amplifying cell, sometimes referred to as the immediate neuronal precursor (INP; [9]), undergo terminal differentiation into ORNs, which can be distinguished by various markers, such as the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM, neuronspecific tubulin, and olfactory marker protein [2,10,11].…”

Section: Globose Basal Cells Versus Horizontal Basal Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and molecular regulation of neural stem cells in the olfactory epithelium

Beites

Kawauchi

Crocker

et al. 2005

Experimental Cell Research

238

234

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The sensory neurons that subserve olfaction, olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), are regenerated throughout life, making the neuroepithelium in which they reside [the olfactory epithelium (OE)] an excellent model for studying how intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate stem cell dynamics and neurogenesis during development and regeneration. Numerous studies indicate that transcription factors and signaling molecules together regulate generation of ORNs from stem and progenitor cells during development, and work on regenerative neurogenesis indicates that these same factors may operate at postnatal ages as well. This review describes our current knowledge of the identity of the OE neural stem cell; the different cell types that are thought to be the progeny (directly or indirectly) of this stem cell; and the factors that influence cell differentiation in the OE neuronal lineage. We review data suggesting that (1) the ORN lineage contains three distinct proliferating cell types-a stem cell and two populations of transit amplifying cells; (2) in established OE, these three cell types are present within the basal cell compartment of the epithelium; and (3) the stem cell that gives rise ultimately to ORNs may also generate two glial cell types of the primary olfactory pathway: sustentacular cells (SUS), which lie within OE proper; and olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), which envelope the olfactory nerve. In addition, we describe factors that are both made by and found within the microenvironment of OE stem and progenitor cells, and which exert crucial growth regulatory effects on these cells. Thus, as with other regenerating tissues, the basis of regeneration in the OE appears be a population of stem cells, which resides within a microenvironment (niche) consisting of factors crucial for maintenance of its capacity for proliferation and differentiation. D

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CNS glial cells support in vitro survivial, division, and differentiation of dissociated olfactory neuronal progenitor cells

Cited by 94 publications

References 48 publications

Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis

Interaction between astrocytes and adult subventricular zone precursors stimulates neurogenesis

Brain micro-ecologies: neural stem cell niches in the adult mammalian brain

Identification and molecular regulation of neural stem cells in the olfactory epithelium

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