Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks based on Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Animal's Social Behavior

Abstract

Clustered sensor networks have shown to increase system throughput, decrease system delay and save energy. In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired clustering protocol inheriting the social behavior of Rhesus Macaque monkeys, targeting prolonged network lifetime. The behavioral features are added to the basic LEACH, thereby reducing the energy overhead involved in the set-up phase. The simulation results prove that implanting these kinds of bio-inspired intelligence into the pre-existing protocols will tremendously increase its performance. d = [(x 2 -x 1 ) 2 + (y 2 -y 1 ) 2 ] 1/2 . . . (10) Where (x 1 , y 1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 ) are locations of nodes.Step 3. Find the redundant CHs without any member nodes: identify the redundant cluster heads without any nodes attached to it.Step 4. Attach redundant CHs to other nearest cluster and check the cluster size of the attached cluster: in this step, all the cluster heads that are without any nodes attached to it, is broken from the contact of BS and made to attach to some other nearest cluster. Its cluster head designation is removed and demoted to a non-CH node. Later the cluster size is checked with the threshold, which is set in each node by the network deployer. If the cluster head is having a count greater than the threshold, the cluster associated with that CH splits. The cluster splits in accordance with the number of nodes greater than the threshold electing a new cluster head for the split-new clusters. The nodes chosen for splitting are the nodes farthest from CH.Step 5. Choose nodes randomly for communication and re-elect cluster head in that cluster: in this step, a non-CH node is randomly chosen for communication. Once they participate in communication, they drain their energy with

Energy-Efficient Cluster-Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sampling-Based Spider Monkey Optimization

“…The other parameters were similar to those in literature, except for the BS location, which varied depending on the purpose of each analysis. For instance, it was set to (50,50) m in [6,18], (50,150) m in [16,24], and (50,175) m in [7,8,9]. The distance from the node varied depending on the BS location and determined the transmission model (Equation (14)).…”

Cluster Head Relocation Based on Selfish Herd Hypothesis for Prolonging the Life Span of Wireless Sensor Networks

“…From another perspective, WSNs can be studied as bio-inspired systems. Some characteristics of a WSN can be improved, if sensors are organized based on the knowledge of animal "social" behavior [28,29]. In order to consider a WSN as a bio-inspired system, it is often useful to observe the behavior of birds in the flock [30][31][32].…”

Systems and Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Animal and Natural Behavior

“…The less dominant monkeys' are involved in intergroup communication for giving alert calls. Following this model, Kumar and Kusuma [74] proposed a hybrid methodology based on the monkeys' behavior to improve the traditional LEACH protocol. Simulations were performed in terms of number of dead nodes and energy consumption.…”