Cloud Albedo, Greenhouse Effects, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Climate Change

Penner, Joyce E.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1990.10466699

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…While keeping in mind the uncertainties of these estimates, we get a total emission of 5.8 Mt N/yr. This may be compared with the estimates of 6 Mt N/yr from Hao et al [1989], 7.6 Mt N/yr from Andreae et al [1988] and up to 13 Mt N/yr from Dignon andPenner [1990]. The geographical distribution of the biomass burning source is shown inFigures 8a and 8bfor January and July, respectively.…”

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confidence: 83%

Tropospheric nitrogen: A three‐dimensional study of sources, distributions, and deposition

Penner¹,

Atherton²,

Dignon³

et al. 1991

J. Geophys. Res.

193

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We simulate the global cycle of reactive nitrogen in a three‐dimensional model of chemistry, transport, and deposition. Our model is based on the Lagrangian tracer model described by Walton et al. [1988] and uses winds and precipitation fields calculated by the Livermore version of the NCAR Community Climate Model. The model includes the basic chemical reactions of NO, NO2, and HNO3. For this study, we use prescribed OH and O3 concentrations and calculate the concentrations of NO, NO2, and HNO3 for a perpetual January and a perpetual July. The sources of reactive nitrogen due to fossil‐fuel combustion (22 Mt N/yr), lightning discharges (3 Mt N/yr), soil microbial activity (10 Mt N/yr), biomass burning (6 Mt N/yr), and the oxidation of N2O in the stratosphere (1 Mt N/yr) are included. Model‐predicted concentrations of NO, NO2, and HNO3 are compared to available measurements. In general, we find reasonable agreement between model predictions and measurements except for concentrations of HNO3 in the remote Pacific. At these latter locations, we require a larger source of reactive nitrogen to fit the observations. This may be supplied by lightning discharges, although increasing this source degrades our agreement with measured HNO3 abundances in the free troposphere. Alternatively, a local marine source could contribute to the measured abundances. Predictions for nitrate deposition by precipitation are within a factor of 2 of measured deposition rates in the northern hemisphere in the summer and in both seasons at remote locations. The model underpredicts nitrate deposition in winter in Europe, due primarily to the excessively strong winds generated by the general circulation model. Model simulations for NOx and HNO3 surface mixing ratios from calculations including only the fossil‐fuel source, only natural sources, and all sources acting together, are compared. Anthropogenic sources have substantially increased the concentrations of NOx and HNO3 throughout all continents during both January and July. Fossil‐fuel sources are responsible for most of this increase in the northern hemisphere, while both biomass burning and fossil‐fuel combustion contribute in the southern hemisphere.

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confidence: 83%

Tropospheric nitrogen: A three‐dimensional study of sources, distributions, and deposition

Penner¹,

Atherton²,

Dignon³

et al. 1991

J. Geophys. Res.

193

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“…Although the latitudinal comparisons of the various sources provide an insight into the magnitude of the anthropogenic perturbations to the natural cycle, it is difficult to assess the climatic impacts of these perturbations with the data presented here since the lifetimes of the various sulfur species are too short to mix the sulfur species throughout the latitudinal bands. However, these data do provide input for global circulation-climate models and studies of the climatic effect of sulfur emissions (Charlson et al, 1987;Charlson et aL, 1990;Erickson et al, 1990;Penner, 1990). These modelling efforts are certainly limited by available data and critically need further field studies of both sulfur emissions and the processes that drive the atmospheric biogeochemieal sulfur cycle.…”

Section: -mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur emissions to the atmosphere from natural sourees

et al. 1992

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Emissions of sulfur gases from both natural and anthropogenic sources strongly influence the chemistry of the atmosphere. To assess the relative importance of these sources we have combined the measurements of sulfur gases and fluxes during the past decade to create a global emission inventory. The inventory, which is divided into 12 latitude belts, takes into account the seasonal dependence of sulfur emissions from biogenic sources. The total emissions of sulfur gases from natural sources are approximately 0.79 Tmol S/a. These emissions are 16% of the total sulfur emissions in the Northern Hemisphere and 58% in the Southern Hemisphere. The inventory clearly shows the impact of anthropogenic sulfur emissions in the region between 35 ° and 50°N.

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“…These gases, which do not absorb strongly in infrared, affect the concentration of CO2 and CH 4 as well as 0 3, *This explanation is higl_ly simplified, and one must recognize that many important factors are not fully understood. Some of the more important uncertainties are related to (a) thermal and adsorptive response of the oceans; (b) feedback effect on climate of changes in precipitation, evaporation, and cloud cover that result from a "first-round" warming; (c) exact behavior of ck_uds; (d) changes in the rate of photosynthesis in the surface mixed layer of the oceans; (e) effect of increased levels of CO2 on plant growth and thus on CO2 uptake by plaints; (f) sulfur emissions and sulfur chemistry and their effect on cloud albedo (Penner, 1990);(g) rate of release of methane hydrates (solid, ice-like bindings of water and methane) decomposecl by a warmer climate; (h) net effect of land-use changes (primarily deforestation); (i) behavior of sh_rt-lived, indirect greenhouse gases, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) (Penner, 1990); (j)lag between an increase in greenhouse gases and the steady-state climatic response; (k) local changes in weather; and (I) nature of long-term climate change independent of the effects of human activity. Clouds in particular are only crudely modeled (Kerr, 1989),and the oceans are not modelod much better.…”

Section: Brief Explanationmentioning

confidence: 99%