Cloning, genetic mapping, and expression analysis of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene that encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase.

Abstract

A genomic clone of one member of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase, EC 4.4.1.14) gene family (AT-ACC1) was isolated and sequenced. A region of homology was found in the 5'-untranslated region with the promoter of a zucchini and a tomato ACC synthase gene. Comparison of its primary structure with other ACC synthases revealed conservation of seven peptide regions as well as similarity with 11 amino acids of the catalytic site of aminotransferases. Genomic DNA gel blotting suggested the existence of an ACC synthase multigene family in Arabidopsis, possibly with three other members, none of which is very closely related to AT-ACC1. The existence of at least one other gene was confirmed by the isolation of a cDNA (AT-ACC2) from a flower-specific cDNA library. The AT-ACC1 gene was mapped on the Arabidopsis restriction fragment length polymorphism map and is located on the top of chromosome 1. This position does not correspond to any known mutation on the genetic map. Expression of the AT-ACC1 gene was studied by reverse transcription-PCR on total RNA. Messenger accumulation was strong in young leaves and flowers. The gene was not induced by wounding of young leaves or in seedlings in the presence of auxin. Ethylene exposure of mature plants led to an induction of AT-ACC1 gene expression. It is suggested that AT-ACC1 protein has a role in developmental control of ethylene synthesis.

The Arabidopsis 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Gene 1 Is Expressed during Early Development.

“…It has been hypothesized that this change is a direct consequence of a change in the orientation of microtubules. This has been supported in part by the observation that a net reorientation of microtubules in the longitudinal direction is a consequence of ethylene treatment (Raskin, 1991).In this paper, we report on the developmental regulation of a member of the Arabidopsis ACC synthase gene family, ACSl (previously referred to as AMCC7 by Van Der Straeten et al [1992] or ACCP by Liang et al [1992], respectively). The promoter-fbglucuronidase (gus) fusion technique (Jefferson, 1987;Jefferson et al, 1987) has been used to study the expression of ACS7.…”

“…The main focus has been on the regulation of ACC synthase gene expression because of its key regulatory role in the pathway. This implies that diverse inducers of ethylene production are also inducers of de novo synthesis of ACC synthase (Yang and Hoffmann, 1984; Van Der Straeten and Van Montagu, 1991).ACC synthases have been cloned from tomato (Van Der Straeten et al, 1990; Olson et al, 1991; To whom correspondence should be addressed.Yip et al, 1992), winter squash (Nakajima et al, 1990), zucchini (Huang et al, 1991), Arabidopsis (Liang et al, 1992; Van Der Straeten et al, 1992), mung bean (Botellaet al, 1992; Kim et al, 1992), carnation (Park et al, 1992), orchid (ONeill et al., 1993), tobacco (Bailey et al, 1992), and apple (Dong et ai., 1991; Kim et al, 1992). In several cases, it has been shown that ACC synthase genes belong to a multigene family and that they are differentially responsive to various ethyleneinducing factors and conditions such as wounding, fruit ripening, and auxins, although in certain cases some leve1 of coordination was demonstrated (Nakajima et al, 1990; Van Der Straeten et al, 1990; Dong et al, 1991; Olson et al, 1991; ; Yip et ai., 1992).…”

“…Furthermore, the fact that wounding of young or old vegetative light-grown tissue had no effect on the ACS1 promoter (data not shown) implies the involvement of another ACC synthase gene in wound responses. The results of RT-PCR using conserved primers indicated that other Arabidopsis ACC synthases are induced by wounding, as well as by ethylene, and in a more complex manner when compared to ACS1 (Van Der Straeten et al, 1992).In view of the strong correlation of ACS1 expression and immature tissue, we suggest that ACS1 is probably involved in the control of cell expansion and consequent determination of size and shape, where ethylene is known to have a definite role (Goeschl et al, 1966;Abeles, 1973;Moore, 1989 OrtuAo et al, 1991; Sdnchez-Bravo et al, 1992;Kieber et al, 1993). Moreover, quickly dividing and expanding tissues show relatively high rates of ethylene production (Osborne, 1991).…”

Differential Expression of Three Members of the 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase Gene Family in Carnation1

“…Highly divergent ACC synthase multigene families have been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis (Liang et al, 1992(Liang et al, , 1996; Van der Straeten et al, 1992), tomato (Olson et al, 1991;Rottmann et al, 1991;Yip et al, 1992;Lincoln et al, 1993;Oetiker et al, 1997), mung bean (Botella et al, 1992a(Botella et al, , 1992b(Botella et al, , 1993Kim et al, 1992Kim et al, , 1997, zucchini (Huang et al, 1991), rice (Zarembinski and Theologis, 1993), potato (Destefano-Beltran et al, 1995;Schlagnhaufer et al, 1995), and orchid (Bui and O'Neill, 1998). The Arabidopsis gene family includes at least five members whose expression is differentially induced by hormones, developmental cues, Li ϩ , and the protein-synthesis inhibitor CHX (Liang et al, 1996).…”

Hormone symphony during root growth and development

“…In this pathway, the rate-limiting step is the conversion of S-AdoMet to ACC. In Arabidopsis, seven ACS genes have been characterized, and their transcription is differentially regulated during development and in response to stressful stimuli (Liang et al, 1992;Van der Straeten et al, 1992;Arteca and Arteca, 1999;Lin et al, 2009).…”