“…AMR E. coli prevalence was very high (71.43%) in Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) wintering at a livestock carcass dump in India [ 40 ]. Waterways have also been associated with higher AMR prevalence in wildlife [ 41 , 48 , 49 ], livestock [ 50 ] and diarrheal disease in humans [ 51 ]. Figure 3 The x-axis represents gradients of ( a ) increasing human population density ( b ) decreasing wildlife diversity ( c ) level of human impact from low (natural environments) to high (farming/livestock operations) and the y -axis indicates the proportion of resistant to commensal E. coli in an individual host's gut.…”
Section: Summary Of What Is Knownmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is estimated that over 80% of all antibiotic sales in the US go to livestock [ 70 ]. Wastewater from livestock operations serves as an environmental reservoir and location for the propagation of AMR genes to other clinically important pathogens [ 50 ]. A review article on AMR in E. coli from farm animals classifies E. coli as an emerging global threat due to the development of ‘dramatically high levels of antibiotic resistance to multiple classes of drugs' [ 71 ].…”
Section: Potential Routes Of Transmissionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AMR E. coli prevalence was very high (71.43%) in Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) wintering at a livestock carcass dump in India [40]. Waterways have also been associated with higher AMR prevalence in wildlife [41,48,49], livestock [50] and diarrheal disease in humans [51].…”
Section: (B) Amr Escherichia Coli In Wild Animalsmentioning
A striking paucity of information exists on
Escherichia coli
in wild animals despite evidence that they harbour pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant
E. coli
in their gut microbiomes and may even serve as melting pots for novel genetic combinations potentially harmful to human health. Wild animals have been implicated as the source of pathogenic
E. coli
outbreaks in agricultural production, but a lack of knowledge surrounding the genetics of
E. coli
in wild animals complicates source tracking and thus contamination curtailment efforts. As human populations continue to expand and invade wild areas, the potential for harmful microorganisms to transfer between humans and wildlife increases. Here, we conducted a literature review of the small body of work on
E. coli
in wild animals. We highlight the geographic and host taxonomic coverage to date, and in each, identify significant gaps. We summarize the current understanding of
E. coli
in wild animals, including its genetic diversity, host and geographic distribution, and transmission pathways within and between wild animal and human populations. The knowledge gaps we identify call for greater research efforts to understand the existence of
E. coli
in wild animals, especially in light of the potentially strong implications for global public health.
“…AMR E. coli prevalence was very high (71.43%) in Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) wintering at a livestock carcass dump in India [ 40 ]. Waterways have also been associated with higher AMR prevalence in wildlife [ 41 , 48 , 49 ], livestock [ 50 ] and diarrheal disease in humans [ 51 ]. Figure 3 The x-axis represents gradients of ( a ) increasing human population density ( b ) decreasing wildlife diversity ( c ) level of human impact from low (natural environments) to high (farming/livestock operations) and the y -axis indicates the proportion of resistant to commensal E. coli in an individual host's gut.…”
Section: Summary Of What Is Knownmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is estimated that over 80% of all antibiotic sales in the US go to livestock [ 70 ]. Wastewater from livestock operations serves as an environmental reservoir and location for the propagation of AMR genes to other clinically important pathogens [ 50 ]. A review article on AMR in E. coli from farm animals classifies E. coli as an emerging global threat due to the development of ‘dramatically high levels of antibiotic resistance to multiple classes of drugs' [ 71 ].…”
Section: Potential Routes Of Transmissionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AMR E. coli prevalence was very high (71.43%) in Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) wintering at a livestock carcass dump in India [40]. Waterways have also been associated with higher AMR prevalence in wildlife [41,48,49], livestock [50] and diarrheal disease in humans [51].…”
Section: (B) Amr Escherichia Coli In Wild Animalsmentioning
A striking paucity of information exists on
Escherichia coli
in wild animals despite evidence that they harbour pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant
E. coli
in their gut microbiomes and may even serve as melting pots for novel genetic combinations potentially harmful to human health. Wild animals have been implicated as the source of pathogenic
E. coli
outbreaks in agricultural production, but a lack of knowledge surrounding the genetics of
E. coli
in wild animals complicates source tracking and thus contamination curtailment efforts. As human populations continue to expand and invade wild areas, the potential for harmful microorganisms to transfer between humans and wildlife increases. Here, we conducted a literature review of the small body of work on
E. coli
in wild animals. We highlight the geographic and host taxonomic coverage to date, and in each, identify significant gaps. We summarize the current understanding of
E. coli
in wild animals, including its genetic diversity, host and geographic distribution, and transmission pathways within and between wild animal and human populations. The knowledge gaps we identify call for greater research efforts to understand the existence of
E. coli
in wild animals, especially in light of the potentially strong implications for global public health.
“…Runoff from antibiotic-fed livestock forms wastewater lagoons where diverse bacteria mix. There they face strong selective pressures to evolve and share (via horizontal gene transfer) genes conferring resistances to those antibiotics 68,69 . This also occurs in aquaculture waters 70 , wastewater from antibiotic-treated crops 71 , and effluent from wastewater treatment plants 72 .…”
Human-mediated changes to natural ecosystems have consequences for both ecosystem and human health. Historically, efforts to preserve or restore 'biodiversity' can seem to be in opposition to human interests. However, the integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction in recent years, and new efforts to identify solutions that benefit both environmental and human health are ongoing. At the forefront of these efforts is an attempt to clarify ways in which biodiversity conservation can help reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from wild animals, sparking epidemics and pandemics in humans and livestock. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process is incomplete, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion around biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence -while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity -we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate the goal of spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives. ll
“…Cattle also appear to be an important reservoir of ESBL-producing bacteria among food-producing animals, with the increasing detection of these bacteria in cattle (Mir et al 2018;Tymensen et al 2018). ESBL-producing bacteria have been isolated from cattle in the US, Germany, France, and Asian countries including China, Japan, and Korea (Duan et al 2006;Moon et al 2007;Hiroi et al 2012;Zheng et al 2012;Schmid et al 2013;Haenni et al 2014;Mir et al 2018).…”
Section: The Emergence Of Esbl-producing Bacteria In Animalsmentioning
The effectiveness of antibiotics has been challenged by the increasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AR), which has emerged as a major threat to global health. Despite the negative impact of AR on health, there are few effective strategies for reducing AR in food-producing animals. Of the antimicrobial resistant microorganisms (ARMs), extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging global threat due to their increasing prevalence in livestock, even in animals raised without antibiotics. Many reviews are available for the positive selection of AR associated with antibiotic use in livestock, but less attention has been given to how other factors including soil, water, manure, wildlife, and farm workers, are associated with the emergence of ESBL-producing bacteria. Understanding of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria transfer at the interfaces of livestock and other potential reservoirs will provide insights for the development of mitigation strategies for AR.
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