Clock Tests in Depression, Alzheimer's Disease, and Elderly Controls

Herrmann, Nathan; Kidron, Daphne; Shulman, Kenneth I.; Kaplan, Edith; Binns, Malcolm A.; Leach, Larry; Freedman, Morris

doi:10.2190/5qa5-phun-1q9f-c0pb

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This supports the findings of Herrmann et al 28 and refutes the hypothesis of Lee and Lawlor 29 that clock drawing errors in patients with depression are state dependent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…25,26 Wolf-Klein et al 38 reported that clock drawing was not impaired in elderly patients with depression compared to agematched controls. In the study by Herrmann et al, 28 patients with depression did not have significantly lower scores compared with controls in clock drawing, reading, or copying. Both studies suggested the use of clock tests as cognitive screening tools to identify patients with depression having underlying dementia; however, neither study subdivided patients with depression into EOD and LOD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Klein

Saur

Müller

et al. 2015

J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol

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To compare clock test deficits in elderly patients with early onset depression (EOD) and late onset depression (LOD), we assessed 32 elderly healthy controls (HCs), 26 patients with EOD, and 27 patients with LOD with the clock drawing test (CDT), clock setting test, clock reading test, and the Tübingen Clock Questionnaire testing semantic memory about clock times. There was no significant difference in depression severity between patients with EOD and LOD. Patients with LOD had significantly lower scores on the CDT than patients with EOD and HCs. Semantic memory impairment concerning minute hand functionality was highly correlated with CDT performance and was significantly different between the EOD and the LOD groups. It can be suggested that significant differences in cognitive impairment severity between patients with EOD and LOD can be detected with CDT. Semantic memory impairment concerning minute hand functionality might affect CDT test results in elderly patients with depression.

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“…This supports the findings of Herrmann et al 28 and refutes the hypothesis of Lee and Lawlor 29 that clock drawing errors in patients with depression are state dependent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Klein

Saur

Müller

et al. 2015

J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol

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“…The results exploring the association between severity of depression and the performance in the Clock Drawing Test are inconsistent. Some authors have reported a significant negative relation [65, 66], whereas others have found minimal or no effect between the severity of depression and the Clock Drawing performance [61, 67–70]. In the present study, the BDI score has no significant influence on the used LME model.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Correlation of Visuospatial Ability and EEG Slowing in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Eichelberger

Calabrese

Meyer

et al. 2017

Parkinson's Disease

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Background. Visuospatial dysfunction is among the first cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often predictive for PD-dementia. Furthermore, cognitive status in PD-patients correlates with quantitative EEG. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the correlation between EEG slowing and visuospatial ability in nondemented PD-patients. Methods. Fifty-seven nondemented PD-patients (17 females/40 males) were evaluated with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and a high-resolution 256-channel EEG was recorded. A median split was performed for each cognitive test dividing the patients sample into either a normal or lower performance group. The electrodes were split into five areas: frontal, central, temporal, parietal, and occipital. A linear mixed effects model (LME) was used for correlational analyses and to control for confounding factors. Results. Subsequently, for the lower performance, LME analysis showed a significant positive correlation between ROCF score and parietal alpha/theta ratio (b = .59, p = .012) and occipital alpha/theta ratio (b = 0.50, p = .030). No correlations were found in the group of patients with normal visuospatial abilities. Conclusion. We conclude that a reduction of the parietal alpha/theta ratio is related to visuospatial impairments in PD-patients. These findings indicate that visuospatial impairment in PD-patients could be influenced by parietal dysfunction.

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“…The CDT was found sensitive to moderate and mild, but not "very mild" dementia (Lee et al, 1996;Powlishta et al, 2002;Seigerschmidt et al, 2002). Clock copying, setting and reading have, in varying composition, also been employed in the diagnosis of dementia, depression and other mental disorders (Tuokko et al, 1992;Herlitz et al, 1995;Swanwick et al, 1996;O'Rourke et al, 1997;Herrmann et al, 1998;Lam et al, 1998;Royall et al, 1998;Fahlander et al, 2002). Clock copying, setting and reading have, in varying composition, also been employed in the diagnosis of dementia, depression and other mental disorders (Tuokko et al, 1992;Herlitz et al, 1995;Swanwick et al, 1996;O'Rourke et al, 1997;Herrmann et al, 1998;Lam et al, 1998;Royall et al, 1998;Fahlander et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clock Reading Test: validation of an instrument for the diagnosis of dementia and disorders of visuo-spatial cognition

Schmidtke

Olbrich²

2006

IPG

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Clock Tests in Depression, Alzheimer's Disease, and Elderly Controls

Abstract: Clock tests may be useful for identifying depressed patients with underlying dementia.

Cited by 37 publications

References 18 publications

Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Correlation of Visuospatial Ability and EEG Slowing in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

The Clock Reading Test: validation of an instrument for the diagnosis of dementia and disorders of visuo-spatial cognition

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