Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Klein, Lisa; Saur, Ralf; Müller, Stephan; Leyhe, Thomas

doi:10.1177/0891988715588833

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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Section: Cognitive Deficits In Lodmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Overall, the LOD group has been noted to have greater deficits compared to EOD. 1,16,17,21 However, a similar level of impairment in terms of executive function and response inhibition was observed irrespective of the age of onset of depression, too. 16 Studies have compared cognitive deficits in LLD, MCI, and AD, predominantly related to the profile and pattern of deficits.…”

Section: Cognitive Deficits In Lodmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Impairment in processing speed, executive function, response inhibition, learning and memory, language, arithmetic, and clock drawing ability has been reported. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Most of the studies agree about the presence of executive dysfunction in LOD.…”

Section: Cognitive Deficits In Lodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update

Mukku

Dahale

Muniswamy

et al. 2021

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background: Depression and cognitive impairment often coexist in older adults. The relation between depression and cognitive impairment is complex. The objective of this article is to review recent literature on cognitive impairment in older adults with depression and provide clinicians an update. Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Psych Info for the articles published in the English language related to late-life depression (LLD)/geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. We considered original research articles, relevant systematic reviews, chapters, and important conceptual articles published in the last 9 years (2011–2019). We selected relevant articles for this narrative review. Conclusion: The concept pseudodementia, indicating depression with cognitive impairment mimicking dementia, is now seen only as a historical concept. The current literature strongly agrees with fact that cognitive deficits often exist in LLD. The cognitive deficits in depression were initially seen as trait marker; however, some recent studies suggest that cognitive deficits persist even in the remission phase. There is heterogeneity among the studies in terms of the nature of the cognitive deficits, but higher number of studies reported impairment in attention and executive function. LLD with cognitive deficits is at a higher risk of progression to dementia. In older adults, depression with cognitive impairments requires a comprehensive evaluation. Electroencephalography, event-related potentials, fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography, amyloid positron emission tomography, and CSF amyloid will supplement clinical evaluation in differentiating functional depressive disorder with cognitive impairment from depression with an underlying degenerative condition.

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Section: Cognitive Deficits In Lodmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Cognitive Deficits In Lodmentioning

confidence: 81%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update

Mukku

Dahale

Muniswamy

et al. 2021

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Convergent and divergent cognitive impairment of unipolar and bipolar depression: A magnetoencephalography resting-state study

Wang

Tian

Yan

et al. 2023

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Clock Drawing Test: Types of Errors and Accuracy in Early Cognitive Screening

Sejunaite,

Gaucher,

Lanza

et al. 2023

JAD

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Background: Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a commonly used screening tool for cognitive disorders, known for its ease of administration and scoring. Despite frequent use by clinicians, CDT is criticized for its poor predictive value in mild cases of impairment. Objective: To evaluate CDT as a screening tool for early stage of cognitive impairment in biomarker-verified Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depressive disorder (DD). Methods: We analyzed CDT of 172 patients with verified AD, 70 patients with DD, in whom neurodegenerative disorder was excluded using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and 58 healthy older adults. CDT was scored using the semi-quantitative (Shulman) and itemized criteria (adapted from Mendez). Results: Logistic regression showed that for both DD and AD patients with high Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (27 and above) the significant predicting variable is uneven number spacing. As MMSE deteriorates (24-26 points), an additional error of setting clock hands is predictive of the disease. In the low MMSE condition, CDT showed an acceptable discrimination for AD (AUC itemized 0.740, Shulman 0.741) and DD (AUC itemized 0.827, Shulman 0.739) using both scoring methods. In the high MMSE condition, discrimination rates were acceptable using itemized scoring but poor using Shulman scoring for both AD (AUC itemized 0.707, Shulman 0.677) and DD (AUC itemized 0.755, Shulman 0.667) groups. Conclusion: Ideally, modern diagnostic process should take place before the cognitive performance drops beneath the healthy range. This makes CDT of little use when screening patients with very mild cognitive deficits.

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Comparison of Clock Test Deficits Between Elderly Patients With Early and Late Onset Depression

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update

Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update

Convergent and divergent cognitive impairment of unipolar and bipolar depression: A magnetoencephalography resting-state study

Clock Drawing Test: Types of Errors and Accuracy in Early Cognitive Screening

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